Double-Sided Sapphire Optrodes with Conductive Shielding Layers to Reduce Optogenetic Stimulation Artifacts
Optrodes, which are single shaft neural probes integrated with microelectrodes and optical light sources, offer a remarkable opportunity to simultaneously record and modulate neural activities using light within an animal’s brain; however, a common problem with optrodes is that stimulation artifacts...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Micromachines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/13/11/1836 |
| _version_ | 1797467245643825152 |
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| author | Junyu Shen Yanyan Xu Zhengwen Xiao Yuebo Liu Honghui Liu Fengge Wang Chaokun Yan Liyang Wang Changhao Chen Zhisheng Wu Yang Liu Peng Un Mak Mang I. Vai Sio Hang Pun Tim C. Lei Baijun Zhang |
| author_facet | Junyu Shen Yanyan Xu Zhengwen Xiao Yuebo Liu Honghui Liu Fengge Wang Chaokun Yan Liyang Wang Changhao Chen Zhisheng Wu Yang Liu Peng Un Mak Mang I. Vai Sio Hang Pun Tim C. Lei Baijun Zhang |
| author_sort | Junyu Shen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Optrodes, which are single shaft neural probes integrated with microelectrodes and optical light sources, offer a remarkable opportunity to simultaneously record and modulate neural activities using light within an animal’s brain; however, a common problem with optrodes is that stimulation artifacts can be observed in the neural recordings of microelectrodes when the light source on the optrode is activated. These stimulation artifacts are undesirable contaminants, and they cause interpretation complexity when analyzing the recorded neural activities. In this paper, we tried to mitigate the effects of the stimulation artifacts by developing a low-noise, double-sided optrode integrated with multiple Electromagnetic Shielding (EMS) layers. The LED and microelectrodes were constructed separately on the top epitaxial and bottom substrate layers, and EMS layers were used to separate the microelectrodes and LED to reduce signal cross-talks. Compared with conventional single-sided designs, in which the LED and microelectrodes are constructed on the same side, our results indicate that double-sided optrodes can significantly reduce the presence of stimulation artifacts. In addition, the presence of stimulation artifacts can further be reduced by decreasing the voltage difference and increasing the rise/fall time of the driving LED pulsed voltage. With all these strategies, the presence of stimulation artifacts was significantly reduced by ~76%. As well as stimulation suppression, the sapphire substrate also provided strong mechanical stiffness and support to the optrodes, as well as improved electronic stability, thus making the double-sided sapphire optrodes highly suitable for optogenetic neuroscience research on animal models. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:50:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-81f07e851fb44d97801e398b2fc16469 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-666X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:50:02Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Micromachines |
| spelling | doaj.art-81f07e851fb44d97801e398b2fc164692023-11-24T05:53:56ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2022-10-011311183610.3390/mi13111836Double-Sided Sapphire Optrodes with Conductive Shielding Layers to Reduce Optogenetic Stimulation ArtifactsJunyu Shen0Yanyan Xu1Zhengwen Xiao2Yuebo Liu3Honghui Liu4Fengge Wang5Chaokun Yan6Liyang Wang7Changhao Chen8Zhisheng Wu9Yang Liu10Peng Un Mak11Mang I. Vai12Sio Hang Pun13Tim C. Lei14Baijun Zhang15School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau 999078, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau 999078, ChinaSchool of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau 999078, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau 999078, ChinaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80204, USASchool of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaOptrodes, which are single shaft neural probes integrated with microelectrodes and optical light sources, offer a remarkable opportunity to simultaneously record and modulate neural activities using light within an animal’s brain; however, a common problem with optrodes is that stimulation artifacts can be observed in the neural recordings of microelectrodes when the light source on the optrode is activated. These stimulation artifacts are undesirable contaminants, and they cause interpretation complexity when analyzing the recorded neural activities. In this paper, we tried to mitigate the effects of the stimulation artifacts by developing a low-noise, double-sided optrode integrated with multiple Electromagnetic Shielding (EMS) layers. The LED and microelectrodes were constructed separately on the top epitaxial and bottom substrate layers, and EMS layers were used to separate the microelectrodes and LED to reduce signal cross-talks. Compared with conventional single-sided designs, in which the LED and microelectrodes are constructed on the same side, our results indicate that double-sided optrodes can significantly reduce the presence of stimulation artifacts. In addition, the presence of stimulation artifacts can further be reduced by decreasing the voltage difference and increasing the rise/fall time of the driving LED pulsed voltage. With all these strategies, the presence of stimulation artifacts was significantly reduced by ~76%. As well as stimulation suppression, the sapphire substrate also provided strong mechanical stiffness and support to the optrodes, as well as improved electronic stability, thus making the double-sided sapphire optrodes highly suitable for optogenetic neuroscience research on animal models.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/13/11/1836double-sided optrodemicroelectrodesstimulation artifactselectromagnetic shielding layerssapphire substrate |
| spellingShingle | Junyu Shen Yanyan Xu Zhengwen Xiao Yuebo Liu Honghui Liu Fengge Wang Chaokun Yan Liyang Wang Changhao Chen Zhisheng Wu Yang Liu Peng Un Mak Mang I. Vai Sio Hang Pun Tim C. Lei Baijun Zhang Double-Sided Sapphire Optrodes with Conductive Shielding Layers to Reduce Optogenetic Stimulation Artifacts Micromachines double-sided optrode microelectrodes stimulation artifacts electromagnetic shielding layers sapphire substrate |
| title | Double-Sided Sapphire Optrodes with Conductive Shielding Layers to Reduce Optogenetic Stimulation Artifacts |
| title_full | Double-Sided Sapphire Optrodes with Conductive Shielding Layers to Reduce Optogenetic Stimulation Artifacts |
| title_fullStr | Double-Sided Sapphire Optrodes with Conductive Shielding Layers to Reduce Optogenetic Stimulation Artifacts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Double-Sided Sapphire Optrodes with Conductive Shielding Layers to Reduce Optogenetic Stimulation Artifacts |
| title_short | Double-Sided Sapphire Optrodes with Conductive Shielding Layers to Reduce Optogenetic Stimulation Artifacts |
| title_sort | double sided sapphire optrodes with conductive shielding layers to reduce optogenetic stimulation artifacts |
| topic | double-sided optrode microelectrodes stimulation artifacts electromagnetic shielding layers sapphire substrate |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/13/11/1836 |
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