Level0 to Level1B processor for MethaneAIR
<p>This work presents the development of the MethaneAIR Level0–Level1B processor, which converts raw L0 data to calibrated and georeferenced L1B data. MethaneAIR is the airborne simulator for MethaneSAT, a new satellite under development by MethaneSAT LLC, a subsidiary of the Environmental Def...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| Online Access: | https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/17/1347/2024/amt-17-1347-2024.pdf |
| _version_ | 1797291707606237184 |
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| author | E. K. Conway E. K. Conway A. H. Souri J. Benmergui K. Sun K. Sun X. Liu C. Staebell C. Chan Miller J. Franklin J. Samra J. Wilzewski S. Roche B. Luo A. Chulakadabba M. Sargent J. Hohl B. Daube I. Gordon K. Chance S. Wofsy S. Wofsy |
| author_facet | E. K. Conway E. K. Conway A. H. Souri J. Benmergui K. Sun K. Sun X. Liu C. Staebell C. Chan Miller J. Franklin J. Samra J. Wilzewski S. Roche B. Luo A. Chulakadabba M. Sargent J. Hohl B. Daube I. Gordon K. Chance S. Wofsy S. Wofsy |
| author_sort | E. K. Conway |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>This work presents the development of the MethaneAIR Level0–Level1B processor, which converts raw L0 data to calibrated and georeferenced L1B data. MethaneAIR is the airborne simulator for MethaneSAT, a new satellite under development by MethaneSAT LLC, a subsidiary of the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF). MethaneSAT's goals are to precisely map over 80 % of the production sources of methane from oil and gas fields across the globe to an accuracy of 2–4 ppb on a 2 km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> scale. Efficient algorithms have been developed to perform dark corrections, estimate the noise, radiometrically calibrate data, and correct stray light. A forward model integrated into the L0–L1B processor is demonstrated to retrieve wavelength shifts during flight accurately. It is also shown to characterize the instrument spectral response function (ISRF) changes occurring at each sampled spatial footprint. We demonstrate fast and accurate orthorectification of MethaneAIR data in a three-step process: (i) initial orthorectification of all observations using aircraft avionics, a simple camera model, and a medium-resolution digital elevation map; (ii) registration of oxygen (O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>) channel grayscale images to reference Multispectral Instrument (MSI) band 11 imagery via Accelerated-KAZE (A-KAZE) feature extraction and linear transformation, with similar co-registration of methane (CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>) channel grayscale images to the registered O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> channel images; and finally (iii) optimization of the aircraft position and attitude to the registered imagery and calculation of viewing geometry. This co-registration technique accurately orthorectifies each channel to the referenced MSI imagery. However, in the pixel domain, radiance data for each channel are offset by almost 150–200 across-track pixels (rows) and need to be aligned for the full-physics or proxy retrievals where both channels are simultaneously used. We leveraged our orthorectification tool to identify tie points with similar geographic locations in both CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> images in order to produce shift parameters in the across-track and along-track dimensions. These algorithms described in this article will be implemented into the MethaneSAT L0–L1B processor.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T19:40:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-82027ea5b77a4a49aadaf9ae8c5fff4f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1867-1381 1867-8548 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T19:40:43Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| spelling | doaj.art-82027ea5b77a4a49aadaf9ae8c5fff4f2024-02-29T05:24:07ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Measurement Techniques1867-13811867-85482024-02-01171347136210.5194/amt-17-1347-2024Level0 to Level1B processor for MethaneAIRE. K. Conway0E. K. Conway1A. H. Souri2J. Benmergui3K. Sun4K. Sun5X. Liu6C. Staebell7C. Chan Miller8J. Franklin9J. Samra10J. Wilzewski11S. Roche12B. Luo13A. Chulakadabba14M. Sargent15J. Hohl16B. Daube17I. Gordon18K. Chance19S. Wofsy20S. Wofsy21Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Cambridge, MA, USAKostas Research Institute at Northeastern University, Burlington, MA, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Cambridge, MA, USAHarvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USADepartment of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USAResearch and Education in Energy, Environment and Water Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Cambridge, MA, USADepartment of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Cambridge, MA, USAHarvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Cambridge, MA, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Cambridge, MA, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Cambridge, MA, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Cambridge, MA, USAHarvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USAHarvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Cambridge, MA, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Cambridge, MA, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Cambridge, MA, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Cambridge, MA, USAHarvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USADepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA<p>This work presents the development of the MethaneAIR Level0–Level1B processor, which converts raw L0 data to calibrated and georeferenced L1B data. MethaneAIR is the airborne simulator for MethaneSAT, a new satellite under development by MethaneSAT LLC, a subsidiary of the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF). MethaneSAT's goals are to precisely map over 80 % of the production sources of methane from oil and gas fields across the globe to an accuracy of 2–4 ppb on a 2 km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> scale. Efficient algorithms have been developed to perform dark corrections, estimate the noise, radiometrically calibrate data, and correct stray light. A forward model integrated into the L0–L1B processor is demonstrated to retrieve wavelength shifts during flight accurately. It is also shown to characterize the instrument spectral response function (ISRF) changes occurring at each sampled spatial footprint. We demonstrate fast and accurate orthorectification of MethaneAIR data in a three-step process: (i) initial orthorectification of all observations using aircraft avionics, a simple camera model, and a medium-resolution digital elevation map; (ii) registration of oxygen (O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>) channel grayscale images to reference Multispectral Instrument (MSI) band 11 imagery via Accelerated-KAZE (A-KAZE) feature extraction and linear transformation, with similar co-registration of methane (CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>) channel grayscale images to the registered O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> channel images; and finally (iii) optimization of the aircraft position and attitude to the registered imagery and calculation of viewing geometry. This co-registration technique accurately orthorectifies each channel to the referenced MSI imagery. However, in the pixel domain, radiance data for each channel are offset by almost 150–200 across-track pixels (rows) and need to be aligned for the full-physics or proxy retrievals where both channels are simultaneously used. We leveraged our orthorectification tool to identify tie points with similar geographic locations in both CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and O<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> images in order to produce shift parameters in the across-track and along-track dimensions. These algorithms described in this article will be implemented into the MethaneSAT L0–L1B processor.</p>https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/17/1347/2024/amt-17-1347-2024.pdf |
| spellingShingle | E. K. Conway E. K. Conway A. H. Souri J. Benmergui K. Sun K. Sun X. Liu C. Staebell C. Chan Miller J. Franklin J. Samra J. Wilzewski S. Roche B. Luo A. Chulakadabba M. Sargent J. Hohl B. Daube I. Gordon K. Chance S. Wofsy S. Wofsy Level0 to Level1B processor for MethaneAIR Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| title | Level0 to Level1B processor for MethaneAIR |
| title_full | Level0 to Level1B processor for MethaneAIR |
| title_fullStr | Level0 to Level1B processor for MethaneAIR |
| title_full_unstemmed | Level0 to Level1B processor for MethaneAIR |
| title_short | Level0 to Level1B processor for MethaneAIR |
| title_sort | level0 to level1b processor for methaneair |
| url | https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/17/1347/2024/amt-17-1347-2024.pdf |
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