Symmetrical Properties of Graph Representations of Genetic Codes: From Genotype to Phenotype
It has long been claimed that the mitochondrial genetic code possesses more symmetries than the Standard Genetic Code (SGC). To test this claim, the symmetrical structure of the SGC is compared with noncanonical genetic codes. We analyzed the symmetries of the graphs of codons and their respective p...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2018-09-01
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| Series: | Symmetry |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/9/388 |
| _version_ | 1798034656571949056 |
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| author | Marco V. José Gabriel S. Zamudio |
| author_facet | Marco V. José Gabriel S. Zamudio |
| author_sort | Marco V. José |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | It has long been claimed that the mitochondrial genetic code possesses more symmetries than the Standard Genetic Code (SGC). To test this claim, the symmetrical structure of the SGC is compared with noncanonical genetic codes. We analyzed the symmetries of the graphs of codons and their respective phenotypic graph representation spanned by the RNY (R purines, Y pyrimidines, and N any of them) code, two RNA Extended codes, the SGC, as well as three different mitochondrial genetic codes from yeast, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The symmetry groups of the SGC and their corresponding phenotypic graphs of amino acids expose the evolvability of the SGC. Indeed, the analyzed mitochondrial genetic codes are more symmetrical than the SGC. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T20:47:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-823e706d730840aa90e75647c1fd956b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-8994 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T20:47:09Z |
| publishDate | 2018-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Symmetry |
| spelling | doaj.art-823e706d730840aa90e75647c1fd956b2022-12-22T04:03:59ZengMDPI AGSymmetry2073-89942018-09-0110938810.3390/sym10090388sym10090388Symmetrical Properties of Graph Representations of Genetic Codes: From Genotype to PhenotypeMarco V. José0Gabriel S. Zamudio1Theoretical Biology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico D.F. 04510, MexicoTheoretical Biology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico D.F. 04510, MexicoIt has long been claimed that the mitochondrial genetic code possesses more symmetries than the Standard Genetic Code (SGC). To test this claim, the symmetrical structure of the SGC is compared with noncanonical genetic codes. We analyzed the symmetries of the graphs of codons and their respective phenotypic graph representation spanned by the RNY (R purines, Y pyrimidines, and N any of them) code, two RNA Extended codes, the SGC, as well as three different mitochondrial genetic codes from yeast, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The symmetry groups of the SGC and their corresponding phenotypic graphs of amino acids expose the evolvability of the SGC. Indeed, the analyzed mitochondrial genetic codes are more symmetrical than the SGC.http://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/9/388standard genetic codemitochondrial codesphenotypic graphsgraph theorygroup theoryevolution |
| spellingShingle | Marco V. José Gabriel S. Zamudio Symmetrical Properties of Graph Representations of Genetic Codes: From Genotype to Phenotype Symmetry standard genetic code mitochondrial codes phenotypic graphs graph theory group theory evolution |
| title | Symmetrical Properties of Graph Representations of Genetic Codes: From Genotype to Phenotype |
| title_full | Symmetrical Properties of Graph Representations of Genetic Codes: From Genotype to Phenotype |
| title_fullStr | Symmetrical Properties of Graph Representations of Genetic Codes: From Genotype to Phenotype |
| title_full_unstemmed | Symmetrical Properties of Graph Representations of Genetic Codes: From Genotype to Phenotype |
| title_short | Symmetrical Properties of Graph Representations of Genetic Codes: From Genotype to Phenotype |
| title_sort | symmetrical properties of graph representations of genetic codes from genotype to phenotype |
| topic | standard genetic code mitochondrial codes phenotypic graphs graph theory group theory evolution |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/10/9/388 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT marcovjose symmetricalpropertiesofgraphrepresentationsofgeneticcodesfromgenotypetophenotype AT gabrielszamudio symmetricalpropertiesofgraphrepresentationsofgeneticcodesfromgenotypetophenotype |