Online Extraction–DPPH–HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS System for Efficient Screening and Identification of Antioxidants from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i> (Rutaceae): Integrating Sample Preparation and Antioxidants Profiling
The lack of a direct connection between solid edible or medical natural products and bioactive compound profiling is a bottleneck in natural product research and quality control. Here, a novel integrated system, online extraction (OLE)–2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)–HPLC−DAD−QTOF-MS, was fabr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/5/1014 |
| _version_ | 1797501917598842880 |
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| author | Yecheng Xiao Fuhua Fu Youhe Wei Shuyun Shi Yang Shan |
| author_facet | Yecheng Xiao Fuhua Fu Youhe Wei Shuyun Shi Yang Shan |
| author_sort | Yecheng Xiao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The lack of a direct connection between solid edible or medical natural products and bioactive compound profiling is a bottleneck in natural product research and quality control. Here, a novel integrated system, online extraction (OLE)–2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)–HPLC−DAD−QTOF-MS, was fabricated to extract, screen, and identify antioxidants from the whole fruit of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i> (CAVA, Rutaceae) simply, rapidly, and efficiently. The system consumes less sample (1.0 mg of CAVA powder) and requires a shorter analytical time (45 min for sample extraction, antioxidants screening, separation, and identification). Eight antioxidant flavonoids were screened and identified, and six available flavanones were sensitively, precisely, and accurately quantified. Two major flavanone glycosides, naringin (50.37 ± 0.43 mg/g) and neohesperidin (38.20 ± 0.27 mg/g), exhibit potent DPPH scavenging activities with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 111.9 ± 10.06 and 178.55 ± 11.28 μg/mL. A minor flavanone aglycone, hesperitin (0.73 ± 0.06 mg/g), presents stronger DPPH scavenging activity (IC<sub>50</sub>, 39.07 ± 2.51 μg/mL). Furthermore, density functional theory calculations demonstrated their electron transport ability and chemical reactivity, which confirmed the screened results. The results indicate that the developed OLE–DPPH–HPLC−DAD−QTOF-MS system provides new perspectives for analysis of antioxidants from complex natural products, which also contribute to the quality evaluation of CAVA. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:25:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-824b041817d643779c067606b15394a0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:25:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-824b041817d643779c067606b15394a02023-11-23T09:53:04ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212022-05-01115101410.3390/antiox11051014Online Extraction–DPPH–HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS System for Efficient Screening and Identification of Antioxidants from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i> (Rutaceae): Integrating Sample Preparation and Antioxidants ProfilingYecheng Xiao0Fuhua Fu1Youhe Wei2Shuyun Shi3Yang Shan4Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, ChinaHunan Agriculture Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, ChinaNatural Product Research Laboratory, Lianyuan Kanglu Biotech Co., Ltd., Lianyuan 417100, ChinaCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, ChinaLongping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, ChinaThe lack of a direct connection between solid edible or medical natural products and bioactive compound profiling is a bottleneck in natural product research and quality control. Here, a novel integrated system, online extraction (OLE)–2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)–HPLC−DAD−QTOF-MS, was fabricated to extract, screen, and identify antioxidants from the whole fruit of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i> (CAVA, Rutaceae) simply, rapidly, and efficiently. The system consumes less sample (1.0 mg of CAVA powder) and requires a shorter analytical time (45 min for sample extraction, antioxidants screening, separation, and identification). Eight antioxidant flavonoids were screened and identified, and six available flavanones were sensitively, precisely, and accurately quantified. Two major flavanone glycosides, naringin (50.37 ± 0.43 mg/g) and neohesperidin (38.20 ± 0.27 mg/g), exhibit potent DPPH scavenging activities with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 111.9 ± 10.06 and 178.55 ± 11.28 μg/mL. A minor flavanone aglycone, hesperitin (0.73 ± 0.06 mg/g), presents stronger DPPH scavenging activity (IC<sub>50</sub>, 39.07 ± 2.51 μg/mL). Furthermore, density functional theory calculations demonstrated their electron transport ability and chemical reactivity, which confirmed the screened results. The results indicate that the developed OLE–DPPH–HPLC−DAD−QTOF-MS system provides new perspectives for analysis of antioxidants from complex natural products, which also contribute to the quality evaluation of CAVA.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/5/1014OLE–DPPH–HPLCQTOF-MS<i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i>antioxidantflavanone |
| spellingShingle | Yecheng Xiao Fuhua Fu Youhe Wei Shuyun Shi Yang Shan Online Extraction–DPPH–HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS System for Efficient Screening and Identification of Antioxidants from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i> (Rutaceae): Integrating Sample Preparation and Antioxidants Profiling Antioxidants OLE–DPPH–HPLC QTOF-MS <i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i> antioxidant flavanone |
| title | Online Extraction–DPPH–HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS System for Efficient Screening and Identification of Antioxidants from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i> (Rutaceae): Integrating Sample Preparation and Antioxidants Profiling |
| title_full | Online Extraction–DPPH–HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS System for Efficient Screening and Identification of Antioxidants from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i> (Rutaceae): Integrating Sample Preparation and Antioxidants Profiling |
| title_fullStr | Online Extraction–DPPH–HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS System for Efficient Screening and Identification of Antioxidants from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i> (Rutaceae): Integrating Sample Preparation and Antioxidants Profiling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Online Extraction–DPPH–HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS System for Efficient Screening and Identification of Antioxidants from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i> (Rutaceae): Integrating Sample Preparation and Antioxidants Profiling |
| title_short | Online Extraction–DPPH–HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS System for Efficient Screening and Identification of Antioxidants from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i> (Rutaceae): Integrating Sample Preparation and Antioxidants Profiling |
| title_sort | online extraction dpph hplc dad qtof ms system for efficient screening and identification of antioxidants from i citrus aurantium i l var i amara i rutaceae integrating sample preparation and antioxidants profiling |
| topic | OLE–DPPH–HPLC QTOF-MS <i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i> antioxidant flavanone |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/5/1014 |
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