Miliary tuberculosis: A new look at an old foe
Miliary tuberculosis (TB), is a fatal form of disseminated TB characterized by tiny tubercles evident on gross pathology similar to innumerable millet seeds in size and appearance. Global HIV/AIDS pandemic and increasing use of immunosuppressive drugs have altered the epidemiology of miliary TB. Kee...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2016-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405579415300115 |
| _version_ | 1819032737707720704 |
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| author | Surendra K. Sharma Alladi Mohan Animesh Sharma |
| author_facet | Surendra K. Sharma Alladi Mohan Animesh Sharma |
| author_sort | Surendra K. Sharma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Miliary tuberculosis (TB), is a fatal form of disseminated TB characterized by tiny tubercles evident on gross pathology similar to innumerable millet seeds in size and appearance. Global HIV/AIDS pandemic and increasing use of immunosuppressive drugs have altered the epidemiology of miliary TB. Keeping in mind its protean manifestations, clinicians should have a low threshold for suspecting miliary TB. Careful physical examination should focus on identifying organ system involvement early, particularly TB meningitis, as this has therapeutic significance. Fundus examination for detecting choroid tubercles can help in early diagnosis as their presence is pathognomonic of miliary TB. Imaging modalities help in recognizing the miliary pattern, define the extent of organ system involvement and facilitate image guided fine-needle aspiration cytology or biopsy from various organ sites. Sputum or BAL fluid examination, pleural, pericardial, peritoneal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid studies, fine needle aspiration cytology or biopsy of the lymph nodes, needle biopsy of the liver, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, testing of body fluids must be carried out. GeneXpert MTB/RIF, line probe assay, mycobacterial culture and drug-susceptibility testing must be carried out as appropriate and feasible. Treatment of miliary TB should be started at the earliest as this can be life saving. Response to first-line anti-TB drugs is good. Screening and monitoring for complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), adverse drug reactions like drug-induced liver injury, drug-drug interactions, especially in patients co-infected with HIV/AIDS, are warranted. Sparse data are available from randomized controlled trials regarding optimum regimen and duration of anti-TB treatment. Keywords: Miliary tuberculosis, Human immunodeficiency virus, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T07:06:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-825996a695854259bf0150a6f5f6a459 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-5794 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T07:06:42Z |
| publishDate | 2016-05-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases |
| spelling | doaj.art-825996a695854259bf0150a6f5f6a4592022-12-21T19:12:05ZengElsevierJournal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases2405-57942016-05-0131327Miliary tuberculosis: A new look at an old foeSurendra K. Sharma0Alladi Mohan1Animesh Sharma2Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India; Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 11 26594415; fax: +91 11 26589994.Department of Medicine, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517 507, IndiaSir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi 110 060, IndiaMiliary tuberculosis (TB), is a fatal form of disseminated TB characterized by tiny tubercles evident on gross pathology similar to innumerable millet seeds in size and appearance. Global HIV/AIDS pandemic and increasing use of immunosuppressive drugs have altered the epidemiology of miliary TB. Keeping in mind its protean manifestations, clinicians should have a low threshold for suspecting miliary TB. Careful physical examination should focus on identifying organ system involvement early, particularly TB meningitis, as this has therapeutic significance. Fundus examination for detecting choroid tubercles can help in early diagnosis as their presence is pathognomonic of miliary TB. Imaging modalities help in recognizing the miliary pattern, define the extent of organ system involvement and facilitate image guided fine-needle aspiration cytology or biopsy from various organ sites. Sputum or BAL fluid examination, pleural, pericardial, peritoneal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid studies, fine needle aspiration cytology or biopsy of the lymph nodes, needle biopsy of the liver, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, testing of body fluids must be carried out. GeneXpert MTB/RIF, line probe assay, mycobacterial culture and drug-susceptibility testing must be carried out as appropriate and feasible. Treatment of miliary TB should be started at the earliest as this can be life saving. Response to first-line anti-TB drugs is good. Screening and monitoring for complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), adverse drug reactions like drug-induced liver injury, drug-drug interactions, especially in patients co-infected with HIV/AIDS, are warranted. Sparse data are available from randomized controlled trials regarding optimum regimen and duration of anti-TB treatment. Keywords: Miliary tuberculosis, Human immunodeficiency virus, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complicationshttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405579415300115 |
| spellingShingle | Surendra K. Sharma Alladi Mohan Animesh Sharma Miliary tuberculosis: A new look at an old foe Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases |
| title | Miliary tuberculosis: A new look at an old foe |
| title_full | Miliary tuberculosis: A new look at an old foe |
| title_fullStr | Miliary tuberculosis: A new look at an old foe |
| title_full_unstemmed | Miliary tuberculosis: A new look at an old foe |
| title_short | Miliary tuberculosis: A new look at an old foe |
| title_sort | miliary tuberculosis a new look at an old foe |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405579415300115 |
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