Rho/ROCK Pathway and Noncoding RNAs: Implications in Ischemic Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury
Ischemic strokes (IS) and spinal cord injuries (SCI) are major causes of disability. RhoA is a small GTPase protein that activates a downstream effector, ROCK. The up-regulation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway contributes to neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, astroglios...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11573 |
| _version_ | 1797512434788859904 |
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| author | Tetsu Kimura Yuta Horikoshi Chika Kuriyagawa Yukitoshi Niiyama |
| author_facet | Tetsu Kimura Yuta Horikoshi Chika Kuriyagawa Yukitoshi Niiyama |
| author_sort | Tetsu Kimura |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ischemic strokes (IS) and spinal cord injuries (SCI) are major causes of disability. RhoA is a small GTPase protein that activates a downstream effector, ROCK. The up-regulation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway contributes to neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, astrogliosis, and axon growth inhibition in IS and SCI. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), were previously considered to be non-functional. However, they have attracted much attention because they play an essential role in regulating gene expression in physiological and pathological conditions. There is growing evidence that ROCK inhibitors, such as fasudil and VX-210, can reduce injury in IS and SCI in animal models and clinical trials. Recently, it has been reported that miRNAs are decreased in IS and SCI, while lncRNAs are increased. Inhibiting the Rho/ROCK pathway with miRNAs alleviates apoptosis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and axon growth inhibition in IS and SCI. Further studies are required to explore the significance of ncRNAs in IS and SCI and to establish new strategies for preventing and treating these devastating diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:01:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-825ffe2bb9ec48eb8412a7d27adc8b16 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:01:46Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-825ffe2bb9ec48eb8412a7d27adc8b162023-11-22T20:54:25ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-10-0122211157310.3390/ijms222111573Rho/ROCK Pathway and Noncoding RNAs: Implications in Ischemic Stroke and Spinal Cord InjuryTetsu Kimura0Yuta Horikoshi1Chika Kuriyagawa2Yukitoshi Niiyama3Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, JapanDepartment of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, JapanDepartment of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, JapanDepartment of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, JapanIschemic strokes (IS) and spinal cord injuries (SCI) are major causes of disability. RhoA is a small GTPase protein that activates a downstream effector, ROCK. The up-regulation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway contributes to neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, astrogliosis, and axon growth inhibition in IS and SCI. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), were previously considered to be non-functional. However, they have attracted much attention because they play an essential role in regulating gene expression in physiological and pathological conditions. There is growing evidence that ROCK inhibitors, such as fasudil and VX-210, can reduce injury in IS and SCI in animal models and clinical trials. Recently, it has been reported that miRNAs are decreased in IS and SCI, while lncRNAs are increased. Inhibiting the Rho/ROCK pathway with miRNAs alleviates apoptosis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and axon growth inhibition in IS and SCI. Further studies are required to explore the significance of ncRNAs in IS and SCI and to establish new strategies for preventing and treating these devastating diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11573strokespinal cord injuryRhoRho kinasenoncoding RNAapoptosis |
| spellingShingle | Tetsu Kimura Yuta Horikoshi Chika Kuriyagawa Yukitoshi Niiyama Rho/ROCK Pathway and Noncoding RNAs: Implications in Ischemic Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury International Journal of Molecular Sciences stroke spinal cord injury Rho Rho kinase noncoding RNA apoptosis |
| title | Rho/ROCK Pathway and Noncoding RNAs: Implications in Ischemic Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury |
| title_full | Rho/ROCK Pathway and Noncoding RNAs: Implications in Ischemic Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury |
| title_fullStr | Rho/ROCK Pathway and Noncoding RNAs: Implications in Ischemic Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rho/ROCK Pathway and Noncoding RNAs: Implications in Ischemic Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury |
| title_short | Rho/ROCK Pathway and Noncoding RNAs: Implications in Ischemic Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury |
| title_sort | rho rock pathway and noncoding rnas implications in ischemic stroke and spinal cord injury |
| topic | stroke spinal cord injury Rho Rho kinase noncoding RNA apoptosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11573 |
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