Digital Filtering Techniques for Performance Improvement of Golay Coded TDM-FBG Sensor
For almost a half-decade, the unique autocorrelation properties of Golay complementary pairs (GCP) have added a significant value to the key performance of conventional time-domain multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensors (TDM-FBGs). However, the employment of the unipolar form of Golay coded TDM-FBG...
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4299 |
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| author | Mohamed M. Elgaud Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Zan Abdulfatah A. G. Abushagur Abdulwahhab E. Hamzah Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar Norhana Arsad Ahmad Ashrif A. Bakar |
| author_facet | Mohamed M. Elgaud Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Zan Abdulfatah A. G. Abushagur Abdulwahhab E. Hamzah Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar Norhana Arsad Ahmad Ashrif A. Bakar |
| author_sort | Mohamed M. Elgaud |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | For almost a half-decade, the unique autocorrelation properties of Golay complementary pairs (GCP) have added a significant value to the key performance of conventional time-domain multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensors (TDM-FBGs). However, the employment of the unipolar form of Golay coded TDM-FBG has suffered from several performance flaws, such as limited improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNIR), noisy backgrounds, and distorted signals. Therefore, we propose and experimentally implement several digital filtering techniques to mitigate such limitations. Moving averages (MA), Savitzky–Golay (SG), and moving median (MM) filters were deployed to process the signals from two low reflectance FBG sensors located after around 16 km of fiber. The first part of the experiment discussed the sole deployment of Golay codes from 4 bits to 256 bits in the TDM-FBG sensor. As a result, the total SNIR of around 8.8 dB was experimentally confirmed for the longest 256-bit code. Furthermore, the individual deployment of MA, MM, and SG filters within the mentioned decoded sequences secured a further significant increase in SNIR of around 4, 3.5, and 3 dB, respectively. Thus, the deployment of the filtering technique alone resulted in at least four times faster measurement time (equivalent to 3 dB SNIR). Overall, the experimental analysis confirmed that MM outperformed the other two techniques in better signal shape, fastest signal transition time, comparable SNIR, and capability to maintain high spatial resolution. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:07:36Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-82779e8b1f4f4ec2a21ad1fd78d110c42023-11-22T01:27:16ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-06-012113429910.3390/s21134299Digital Filtering Techniques for Performance Improvement of Golay Coded TDM-FBG SensorMohamed M. Elgaud0Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Zan1Abdulfatah A. G. Abushagur2Abdulwahhab E. Hamzah3Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar4Norhana Arsad5Ahmad Ashrif A. Bakar6Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, MalaysiaFor almost a half-decade, the unique autocorrelation properties of Golay complementary pairs (GCP) have added a significant value to the key performance of conventional time-domain multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensors (TDM-FBGs). However, the employment of the unipolar form of Golay coded TDM-FBG has suffered from several performance flaws, such as limited improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNIR), noisy backgrounds, and distorted signals. Therefore, we propose and experimentally implement several digital filtering techniques to mitigate such limitations. Moving averages (MA), Savitzky–Golay (SG), and moving median (MM) filters were deployed to process the signals from two low reflectance FBG sensors located after around 16 km of fiber. The first part of the experiment discussed the sole deployment of Golay codes from 4 bits to 256 bits in the TDM-FBG sensor. As a result, the total SNIR of around 8.8 dB was experimentally confirmed for the longest 256-bit code. Furthermore, the individual deployment of MA, MM, and SG filters within the mentioned decoded sequences secured a further significant increase in SNIR of around 4, 3.5, and 3 dB, respectively. Thus, the deployment of the filtering technique alone resulted in at least four times faster measurement time (equivalent to 3 dB SNIR). Overall, the experimental analysis confirmed that MM outperformed the other two techniques in better signal shape, fastest signal transition time, comparable SNIR, and capability to maintain high spatial resolution.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4299fiber Bragg gratingsTDM-FBGGolay codesmoving averagemoving medianSavitzky–Golay |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed M. Elgaud Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Zan Abdulfatah A. G. Abushagur Abdulwahhab E. Hamzah Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar Norhana Arsad Ahmad Ashrif A. Bakar Digital Filtering Techniques for Performance Improvement of Golay Coded TDM-FBG Sensor Sensors fiber Bragg gratings TDM-FBG Golay codes moving average moving median Savitzky–Golay |
| title | Digital Filtering Techniques for Performance Improvement of Golay Coded TDM-FBG Sensor |
| title_full | Digital Filtering Techniques for Performance Improvement of Golay Coded TDM-FBG Sensor |
| title_fullStr | Digital Filtering Techniques for Performance Improvement of Golay Coded TDM-FBG Sensor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Digital Filtering Techniques for Performance Improvement of Golay Coded TDM-FBG Sensor |
| title_short | Digital Filtering Techniques for Performance Improvement of Golay Coded TDM-FBG Sensor |
| title_sort | digital filtering techniques for performance improvement of golay coded tdm fbg sensor |
| topic | fiber Bragg gratings TDM-FBG Golay codes moving average moving median Savitzky–Golay |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4299 |
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