Gut Microbiota and NAFLD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Microbiota Signatures, and Therapeutic Interventions
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. Its worldwide prevalence is rapidly increasing and is currently estimated at 24%. NAFLD is highly associated with many features of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, and h...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/5/957 |
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| author | Tomas Hrncir Lucia Hrncirova Miloslav Kverka Robert Hromadka Vladimira Machova Eva Trckova Klara Kostovcikova Pavlina Kralickova Jan Krejsek Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova |
| author_facet | Tomas Hrncir Lucia Hrncirova Miloslav Kverka Robert Hromadka Vladimira Machova Eva Trckova Klara Kostovcikova Pavlina Kralickova Jan Krejsek Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova |
| author_sort | Tomas Hrncir |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. Its worldwide prevalence is rapidly increasing and is currently estimated at 24%. NAFLD is highly associated with many features of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and not fully understood, but there is increasing evidence that the gut microbiota is strongly implicated in the development of NAFLD. In this review, we discuss the major factors that induce dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and disrupt intestinal permeability, as well as possible mechanisms leading to the development of NAFLD. We also discuss the most consistent NAFLD-associated gut microbiota signatures and immunological mechanisms involved in maintaining the gut barrier and liver tolerance to gut-derived factors. Gut-derived factors, including microbial, dietary, and host-derived factors involved in NAFLD pathogenesis, are discussed in detail. Finally, we review currently available diagnostic and prognostic methods, summarise latest knowledge on promising microbiota-based biomarkers, and discuss therapeutic strategies to manipulate the microbiota, including faecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics and prebiotics, deletions of individual strains with bacteriophages, and blocking the production of harmful metabolites. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:50:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-82873aa6b49045edb469f240876c1ae1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:50:15Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-82873aa6b49045edb469f240876c1ae12023-11-21T17:45:44ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072021-04-019595710.3390/microorganisms9050957Gut Microbiota and NAFLD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Microbiota Signatures, and Therapeutic InterventionsTomas Hrncir0Lucia Hrncirova1Miloslav Kverka2Robert Hromadka3Vladimira Machova4Eva Trckova5Klara Kostovcikova6Pavlina Kralickova7Jan Krejsek8Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova9Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech RepublicCzech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech RepublicCzech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech RepublicNEXARS (C2P), The Campus Science Park, 625 00 Brno, Czech RepublicCzech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech RepublicCzech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech RepublicCzech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech RepublicThe Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech RepublicThe Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech RepublicCzech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech RepublicNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. Its worldwide prevalence is rapidly increasing and is currently estimated at 24%. NAFLD is highly associated with many features of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and not fully understood, but there is increasing evidence that the gut microbiota is strongly implicated in the development of NAFLD. In this review, we discuss the major factors that induce dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and disrupt intestinal permeability, as well as possible mechanisms leading to the development of NAFLD. We also discuss the most consistent NAFLD-associated gut microbiota signatures and immunological mechanisms involved in maintaining the gut barrier and liver tolerance to gut-derived factors. Gut-derived factors, including microbial, dietary, and host-derived factors involved in NAFLD pathogenesis, are discussed in detail. Finally, we review currently available diagnostic and prognostic methods, summarise latest knowledge on promising microbiota-based biomarkers, and discuss therapeutic strategies to manipulate the microbiota, including faecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics and prebiotics, deletions of individual strains with bacteriophages, and blocking the production of harmful metabolites.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/5/957liver steatosiscirrhosishepatocellular carcinomaintestinal permeabilitygut microbiota dysbiosisloss of diversity |
| spellingShingle | Tomas Hrncir Lucia Hrncirova Miloslav Kverka Robert Hromadka Vladimira Machova Eva Trckova Klara Kostovcikova Pavlina Kralickova Jan Krejsek Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova Gut Microbiota and NAFLD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Microbiota Signatures, and Therapeutic Interventions Microorganisms liver steatosis cirrhosis hepatocellular carcinoma intestinal permeability gut microbiota dysbiosis loss of diversity |
| title | Gut Microbiota and NAFLD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Microbiota Signatures, and Therapeutic Interventions |
| title_full | Gut Microbiota and NAFLD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Microbiota Signatures, and Therapeutic Interventions |
| title_fullStr | Gut Microbiota and NAFLD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Microbiota Signatures, and Therapeutic Interventions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gut Microbiota and NAFLD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Microbiota Signatures, and Therapeutic Interventions |
| title_short | Gut Microbiota and NAFLD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Microbiota Signatures, and Therapeutic Interventions |
| title_sort | gut microbiota and nafld pathogenetic mechanisms microbiota signatures and therapeutic interventions |
| topic | liver steatosis cirrhosis hepatocellular carcinoma intestinal permeability gut microbiota dysbiosis loss of diversity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/5/957 |
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