Differences in Subjective and Objective Cognitive Decline Outcomes Are Associated with Modifiable Protective Factors: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) in older adults has been identified as a risk factor for dementia. However, the literature is inconsistent, and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We aimed to determine whether older adults with SCD had more modifiable protective factors against the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/24/7441 |
| _version_ | 1797457070201503744 |
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| author | Osamu Katayama Sangyoon Lee Seongryu Bae Keitaro Makino Ippei Chiba Kenji Harada Masanori Morikawa Kouki Tomida Hiroyuki Shimada |
| author_facet | Osamu Katayama Sangyoon Lee Seongryu Bae Keitaro Makino Ippei Chiba Kenji Harada Masanori Morikawa Kouki Tomida Hiroyuki Shimada |
| author_sort | Osamu Katayama |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) in older adults has been identified as a risk factor for dementia. However, the literature is inconsistent, and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We aimed to determine whether older adults with SCD had more modifiable protective factors against the risk of dementia and a lower risk of developing objective cognitive decline (OCD). We included 4363 older adults (71.7 ± 5.3 [mean ± standard deviation] years of age; 2239 women) from the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Study of Geriatric Syndromes. SCD, OCD, and protective factors against dementia, such as lifestyle and activity, were assessed using interviews and objective cognitive-assessment tools. Based on initial cognitive status, participants were categorized into normal cognition, SCD-only, OCD-only, and both SCD and OCD groups. After 4 years, participants were classified as having either no impairment or mild or global cognitive impairment (i.e., OCD). Binomial logistic regression analyses were performed with the cognitive statuses of the groups at follow-up and baseline as the dependent and independent variables, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, we found that the SCD-only group had more modifiable protective factors against the risk of dementia than the OCD-only group. Community-dwelling older adults with normal cognition or those part of the SCD-only group had a lower risk of developing OCD during the 4-year follow-up, which may have been due to having more modifiable protective factors against the risk of dementia. Additionally, these factors may contribute to the inconsistencies in the literature on SCD outcomes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:16:55Z |
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| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:16:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-828a7e39e4dc4f7cae2e7578bf7f31fb2023-11-24T15:45:37ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832022-12-011124744110.3390/jcm11247441Differences in Subjective and Objective Cognitive Decline Outcomes Are Associated with Modifiable Protective Factors: A 4-Year Longitudinal StudyOsamu Katayama0Sangyoon Lee1Seongryu Bae2Keitaro Makino3Ippei Chiba4Kenji Harada5Masanori Morikawa6Kouki Tomida7Hiroyuki Shimada8Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City 474-8511, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City 474-8511, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Health Care and Science, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City 474-8511, Aichi, JapanTohoku Medical Megabank Organization (ToMMo), Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Miyagi, JapanDepartment of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City 474-8511, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City 474-8511, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City 474-8511, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City 474-8511, Aichi, JapanSubjective cognitive decline (SCD) in older adults has been identified as a risk factor for dementia. However, the literature is inconsistent, and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We aimed to determine whether older adults with SCD had more modifiable protective factors against the risk of dementia and a lower risk of developing objective cognitive decline (OCD). We included 4363 older adults (71.7 ± 5.3 [mean ± standard deviation] years of age; 2239 women) from the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Study of Geriatric Syndromes. SCD, OCD, and protective factors against dementia, such as lifestyle and activity, were assessed using interviews and objective cognitive-assessment tools. Based on initial cognitive status, participants were categorized into normal cognition, SCD-only, OCD-only, and both SCD and OCD groups. After 4 years, participants were classified as having either no impairment or mild or global cognitive impairment (i.e., OCD). Binomial logistic regression analyses were performed with the cognitive statuses of the groups at follow-up and baseline as the dependent and independent variables, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, we found that the SCD-only group had more modifiable protective factors against the risk of dementia than the OCD-only group. Community-dwelling older adults with normal cognition or those part of the SCD-only group had a lower risk of developing OCD during the 4-year follow-up, which may have been due to having more modifiable protective factors against the risk of dementia. Additionally, these factors may contribute to the inconsistencies in the literature on SCD outcomes.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/24/7441subjective cognitive declineobjective cognitive declineprotective factorscommunity-dwelling older adults |
| spellingShingle | Osamu Katayama Sangyoon Lee Seongryu Bae Keitaro Makino Ippei Chiba Kenji Harada Masanori Morikawa Kouki Tomida Hiroyuki Shimada Differences in Subjective and Objective Cognitive Decline Outcomes Are Associated with Modifiable Protective Factors: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study Journal of Clinical Medicine subjective cognitive decline objective cognitive decline protective factors community-dwelling older adults |
| title | Differences in Subjective and Objective Cognitive Decline Outcomes Are Associated with Modifiable Protective Factors: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study |
| title_full | Differences in Subjective and Objective Cognitive Decline Outcomes Are Associated with Modifiable Protective Factors: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study |
| title_fullStr | Differences in Subjective and Objective Cognitive Decline Outcomes Are Associated with Modifiable Protective Factors: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Differences in Subjective and Objective Cognitive Decline Outcomes Are Associated with Modifiable Protective Factors: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study |
| title_short | Differences in Subjective and Objective Cognitive Decline Outcomes Are Associated with Modifiable Protective Factors: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study |
| title_sort | differences in subjective and objective cognitive decline outcomes are associated with modifiable protective factors a 4 year longitudinal study |
| topic | subjective cognitive decline objective cognitive decline protective factors community-dwelling older adults |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/24/7441 |
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