What do animal models tell us about the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis?
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS), marked primarily by demyelination, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. While the prevalence and incidence rates of MS are on the rise, the etiology of the disease remains enigmatic. Nevertheless, it is widely acknowle...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1036155/full |
| _version_ | 1797988361077522432 |
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| author | Asma Hassani Gulfaraz Khan Gulfaraz Khan |
| author_facet | Asma Hassani Gulfaraz Khan Gulfaraz Khan |
| author_sort | Asma Hassani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS), marked primarily by demyelination, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. While the prevalence and incidence rates of MS are on the rise, the etiology of the disease remains enigmatic. Nevertheless, it is widely acknowledged that MS develops in persons who are both genetically predisposed and exposed to a certain set of environmental factors. One of the most plausible environmental culprits is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common herpesvirus asymptomatically carried by more than 90% of the adult population. How EBV induces MS pathogenesis remains unknown. A comprehensive understanding of the biology of EBV infection and how it contributes to dysfunction of the immune system and CNS, requires an appreciation of the viral dynamics within the host. Here, we aim to outline the different animal models, including nonhuman primates (NHP), rodents, and rabbits, that have been used to elucidate the link between EBV and MS. This review particularly focuses on how the disruption in virus-immune interaction plays a role in viral pathogenesis and promotes neuroinflammation. We also summarize the effects of virus titers, age of animals, and route of inoculation on the neuroinvasiveness and neuropathogenic potential of the virus. Reviewing the rich data generated from these animal models could provide directions for future studies aimed to understand the mechanism(s) by which EBV induces MS pathology and insights for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions that could ameliorate the disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T08:01:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-828bea8ae91f4061af7730f331b81b4d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T08:01:30Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-828bea8ae91f4061af7730f331b81b4d2022-12-22T04:35:42ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242022-11-011310.3389/fimmu.2022.10361551036155What do animal models tell us about the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis?Asma Hassani0Gulfaraz Khan1Gulfaraz Khan2Dept of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United StatesDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab EmiratesZayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab EmiratesMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS), marked primarily by demyelination, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. While the prevalence and incidence rates of MS are on the rise, the etiology of the disease remains enigmatic. Nevertheless, it is widely acknowledged that MS develops in persons who are both genetically predisposed and exposed to a certain set of environmental factors. One of the most plausible environmental culprits is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common herpesvirus asymptomatically carried by more than 90% of the adult population. How EBV induces MS pathogenesis remains unknown. A comprehensive understanding of the biology of EBV infection and how it contributes to dysfunction of the immune system and CNS, requires an appreciation of the viral dynamics within the host. Here, we aim to outline the different animal models, including nonhuman primates (NHP), rodents, and rabbits, that have been used to elucidate the link between EBV and MS. This review particularly focuses on how the disruption in virus-immune interaction plays a role in viral pathogenesis and promotes neuroinflammation. We also summarize the effects of virus titers, age of animals, and route of inoculation on the neuroinvasiveness and neuropathogenic potential of the virus. Reviewing the rich data generated from these animal models could provide directions for future studies aimed to understand the mechanism(s) by which EBV induces MS pathology and insights for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions that could ameliorate the disease.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1036155/fullEpstein-Barr virusmultiple sclerosisneuroinflammationanimal modelsnon-human primates (NHP)rodents |
| spellingShingle | Asma Hassani Gulfaraz Khan Gulfaraz Khan What do animal models tell us about the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis? Frontiers in Immunology Epstein-Barr virus multiple sclerosis neuroinflammation animal models non-human primates (NHP) rodents |
| title | What do animal models tell us about the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis? |
| title_full | What do animal models tell us about the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis? |
| title_fullStr | What do animal models tell us about the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis? |
| title_full_unstemmed | What do animal models tell us about the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis? |
| title_short | What do animal models tell us about the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis? |
| title_sort | what do animal models tell us about the role of ebv in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis |
| topic | Epstein-Barr virus multiple sclerosis neuroinflammation animal models non-human primates (NHP) rodents |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1036155/full |
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