Adaptive Changes in the Central Control of Energy Homeostasis Occur in Response to Variations in Energy Status
Energy homeostasis is regulated in coordinate fashion by the brain-gut axis, the homeostatic energy balance circuitry in the hypothalamus and the hedonic energy balance circuitry comprising the mesolimbcortical A<sub>10</sub> dopamine pathway. Collectively, these systems convey and integ...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/5/2728 |
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| author | Cassandra Gastelum Lynnea Perez Jennifer Hernandez Nikki Le Isabella Vahrson Sarah Sayers Edward J. Wagner |
| author_facet | Cassandra Gastelum Lynnea Perez Jennifer Hernandez Nikki Le Isabella Vahrson Sarah Sayers Edward J. Wagner |
| author_sort | Cassandra Gastelum |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Energy homeostasis is regulated in coordinate fashion by the brain-gut axis, the homeostatic energy balance circuitry in the hypothalamus and the hedonic energy balance circuitry comprising the mesolimbcortical A<sub>10</sub> dopamine pathway. Collectively, these systems convey and integrate information regarding nutrient status and the rewarding properties of ingested food, and formulate it into a behavioral response that attempts to balance fluctuations in consumption and food-seeking behavior. In this review we start with a functional overview of the homeostatic and hedonic energy balance circuitries; identifying the salient neural, hormonal and humoral components involved. We then delve into how the function of these circuits differs in males and females. Finally, we turn our attention to the ever-emerging roles of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)—two neuropeptides that have garnered increased recognition for their regulatory impact in energy homeostasis—to further probe how the imposed regulation of energy balance circuitry by these peptides is affected by sex and altered under positive (e.g., obesity) and negative (e.g., fasting) energy balance states. It is hoped that this work will impart a newfound appreciation for the intricate regulatory processes that govern energy homeostasis, as well as how recent insights into the N/OFQ and PACAP systems can be leveraged in the treatment of conditions ranging from obesity to anorexia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:26:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-82a87f5af8e3400a9b556cb0e37d738f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:26:11Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-82a87f5af8e3400a9b556cb0e37d738f2023-11-21T09:37:43ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-03-01225272810.3390/ijms22052728Adaptive Changes in the Central Control of Energy Homeostasis Occur in Response to Variations in Energy StatusCassandra Gastelum0Lynnea Perez1Jennifer Hernandez2Nikki Le3Isabella Vahrson4Sarah Sayers5Edward J. Wagner6Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USAGraduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USAGraduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USAGraduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USAGraduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USAGraduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USAGraduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USAEnergy homeostasis is regulated in coordinate fashion by the brain-gut axis, the homeostatic energy balance circuitry in the hypothalamus and the hedonic energy balance circuitry comprising the mesolimbcortical A<sub>10</sub> dopamine pathway. Collectively, these systems convey and integrate information regarding nutrient status and the rewarding properties of ingested food, and formulate it into a behavioral response that attempts to balance fluctuations in consumption and food-seeking behavior. In this review we start with a functional overview of the homeostatic and hedonic energy balance circuitries; identifying the salient neural, hormonal and humoral components involved. We then delve into how the function of these circuits differs in males and females. Finally, we turn our attention to the ever-emerging roles of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)—two neuropeptides that have garnered increased recognition for their regulatory impact in energy homeostasis—to further probe how the imposed regulation of energy balance circuitry by these peptides is affected by sex and altered under positive (e.g., obesity) and negative (e.g., fasting) energy balance states. It is hoped that this work will impart a newfound appreciation for the intricate regulatory processes that govern energy homeostasis, as well as how recent insights into the N/OFQ and PACAP systems can be leveraged in the treatment of conditions ranging from obesity to anorexia.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/5/2728sex differenceestradiolnociceptin/orphanin FQpituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptideobesityfasting |
| spellingShingle | Cassandra Gastelum Lynnea Perez Jennifer Hernandez Nikki Le Isabella Vahrson Sarah Sayers Edward J. Wagner Adaptive Changes in the Central Control of Energy Homeostasis Occur in Response to Variations in Energy Status International Journal of Molecular Sciences sex difference estradiol nociceptin/orphanin FQ pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide obesity fasting |
| title | Adaptive Changes in the Central Control of Energy Homeostasis Occur in Response to Variations in Energy Status |
| title_full | Adaptive Changes in the Central Control of Energy Homeostasis Occur in Response to Variations in Energy Status |
| title_fullStr | Adaptive Changes in the Central Control of Energy Homeostasis Occur in Response to Variations in Energy Status |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adaptive Changes in the Central Control of Energy Homeostasis Occur in Response to Variations in Energy Status |
| title_short | Adaptive Changes in the Central Control of Energy Homeostasis Occur in Response to Variations in Energy Status |
| title_sort | adaptive changes in the central control of energy homeostasis occur in response to variations in energy status |
| topic | sex difference estradiol nociceptin/orphanin FQ pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide obesity fasting |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/5/2728 |
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