A comparison of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer Beijing (China) and Delhi (India)
<p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in air, soil, and water and are known to have harmful effects on human health and the environment. The diurnal and nocturnal variations of 17 PAHs in ambient particle-bound PAHs were measured in urban Beijing (China) and Delh...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/20/14303/2020/acp-20-14303-2020.pdf |
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| author | A. Elzein G. J. Stewart S. J. Swift B. S. Nelson L. R. Crilley L. R. Crilley M. S. Alam E. Reyes-Villegas R. Gadi R. M. Harrison R. M. Harrison J. F. Hamilton A. C. Lewis |
| author_facet | A. Elzein G. J. Stewart S. J. Swift B. S. Nelson L. R. Crilley L. R. Crilley M. S. Alam E. Reyes-Villegas R. Gadi R. M. Harrison R. M. Harrison J. F. Hamilton A. C. Lewis |
| author_sort | A. Elzein |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in air,
soil, and water and are known to have harmful effects on human health and the
environment. The diurnal and nocturnal variations of 17 PAHs in ambient
particle-bound PAHs were measured in urban Beijing (China) and Delhi (India)
during the summer season using gas-chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass
spectrometry (GC-Q-TOF-MS). The mean concentration of
particles less than 2.5 <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>m (PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span>) observed in Delhi was 3.6 times
higher than in Beijing during the measurement period in both the daytime and
night-time. In Beijing, the mean concentration of the sum of the 17 PAHs
(<span class="inline-formula">∑</span>17 PAHs) was 8.2 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 5.1 ng m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span> in daytime, with the
highest contribution from indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (12 %), while at
night-time the total PAHs was 7.2 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 2.0 ng m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span>, with the largest
contribution from benzo[b]fluoranthene (14 %). In Delhi, the mean <span class="inline-formula">∑</span>17 PAHs was 13.6 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 5.9 ng m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span> in daytime and 22.7 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 9.4 ng m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span> at night-time, with the largest contribution from
indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene in both the day (17 %) and night (20 %).
Elevated mean concentrations of total PAHs in Delhi observed at night were
attributed to emissions from vehicles and biomass burning and to
meteorological conditions leading to their accumulation from a stable and
low atmospheric boundary layer. Local emission sources were typically
identified as the major contributors to total measured PAHs in both cities.
Major emission sources were characterized based on the contribution from
each class of PAHs, with the four-, five- and six-ring PAHs accounting
<span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 95 % of the total PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span>-bound PAHs mass in both
locations. The high contribution of five-ring PAHs to total PAH concentration
in summer Beijing and Delhi suggests a high contribution from petroleum
combustion. In Delhi, a high contribution from six-ring PAHs was observed at
night, suggesting a potential emission source from the combustion of fuel
and oil in power generators, widely used in Delhi. The lifetime excess lung
cancer risk (LECR) was calculated for Beijing and Delhi, with the highest
estimated risk attributed to Delhi (LECR <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 155 per million people), which is 2.2
times higher than the Beijing risk assessment value (LECR <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 70 per million
people). Finally, we have assessed the emission control policies in each
city and identified those major sectors that could be subject to mitigation
measures.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-24T04:41:05Z |
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| id | doaj.art-82b91ba6f44b45d8aff0ec80f1186c1a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-24T04:41:05Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-82b91ba6f44b45d8aff0ec80f1186c1a2022-12-21T17:14:49ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242020-11-0120143031431910.5194/acp-20-14303-2020A comparison of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer Beijing (China) and Delhi (India)A. Elzein0G. J. Stewart1S. J. Swift2B. S. Nelson3L. R. Crilley4L. R. Crilley5M. S. Alam6E. Reyes-Villegas7R. Gadi8R. M. Harrison9R. M. Harrison10J. F. Hamilton11A. C. Lewis12Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United KingdomWolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United KingdomWolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United KingdomWolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United KingdomDivision of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdomcurrently at: Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, CanadaDivision of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United KingdomDepartment of Earth and Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United KingdomIndira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, IndiaDivision of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United KingdomDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi ArabiaWolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United KingdomNational Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom<p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in air, soil, and water and are known to have harmful effects on human health and the environment. The diurnal and nocturnal variations of 17 PAHs in ambient particle-bound PAHs were measured in urban Beijing (China) and Delhi (India) during the summer season using gas-chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-Q-TOF-MS). The mean concentration of particles less than 2.5 <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>m (PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span>) observed in Delhi was 3.6 times higher than in Beijing during the measurement period in both the daytime and night-time. In Beijing, the mean concentration of the sum of the 17 PAHs (<span class="inline-formula">∑</span>17 PAHs) was 8.2 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 5.1 ng m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span> in daytime, with the highest contribution from indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (12 %), while at night-time the total PAHs was 7.2 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 2.0 ng m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span>, with the largest contribution from benzo[b]fluoranthene (14 %). In Delhi, the mean <span class="inline-formula">∑</span>17 PAHs was 13.6 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 5.9 ng m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span> in daytime and 22.7 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 9.4 ng m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span> at night-time, with the largest contribution from indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene in both the day (17 %) and night (20 %). Elevated mean concentrations of total PAHs in Delhi observed at night were attributed to emissions from vehicles and biomass burning and to meteorological conditions leading to their accumulation from a stable and low atmospheric boundary layer. Local emission sources were typically identified as the major contributors to total measured PAHs in both cities. Major emission sources were characterized based on the contribution from each class of PAHs, with the four-, five- and six-ring PAHs accounting <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 95 % of the total PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span>-bound PAHs mass in both locations. The high contribution of five-ring PAHs to total PAH concentration in summer Beijing and Delhi suggests a high contribution from petroleum combustion. In Delhi, a high contribution from six-ring PAHs was observed at night, suggesting a potential emission source from the combustion of fuel and oil in power generators, widely used in Delhi. The lifetime excess lung cancer risk (LECR) was calculated for Beijing and Delhi, with the highest estimated risk attributed to Delhi (LECR <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 155 per million people), which is 2.2 times higher than the Beijing risk assessment value (LECR <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 70 per million people). Finally, we have assessed the emission control policies in each city and identified those major sectors that could be subject to mitigation measures.</p>https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/20/14303/2020/acp-20-14303-2020.pdf |
| spellingShingle | A. Elzein G. J. Stewart S. J. Swift B. S. Nelson L. R. Crilley L. R. Crilley M. S. Alam E. Reyes-Villegas R. Gadi R. M. Harrison R. M. Harrison J. F. Hamilton A. C. Lewis A comparison of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer Beijing (China) and Delhi (India) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | A comparison of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer Beijing (China) and Delhi (India) |
| title_full | A comparison of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer Beijing (China) and Delhi (India) |
| title_fullStr | A comparison of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer Beijing (China) and Delhi (India) |
| title_full_unstemmed | A comparison of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer Beijing (China) and Delhi (India) |
| title_short | A comparison of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer Beijing (China) and Delhi (India) |
| title_sort | comparison of pm sub 2 5 sub bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer beijing china and delhi india |
| url | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/20/14303/2020/acp-20-14303-2020.pdf |
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