Role of Toll-like receptors in immune activation and tolerance in the liver
Liver has a unique vascular system receiving the majority of the blood supply from the gastrointestinal tract through the portal vein and faces continuous exposure to foreign pathogens and commensal bacterial products. These gut-derived antigens stimulate liver cells and result in a distinctive immu...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2014-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00221/full |
| _version_ | 1818916319735578624 |
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| author | Nobuhiro eNakamoto Takanori eKanai |
| author_facet | Nobuhiro eNakamoto Takanori eKanai |
| author_sort | Nobuhiro eNakamoto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Liver has a unique vascular system receiving the majority of the blood supply from the gastrointestinal tract through the portal vein and faces continuous exposure to foreign pathogens and commensal bacterial products. These gut-derived antigens stimulate liver cells and result in a distinctive immune response via a family of pattern recognition receptors, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are expressed on Kupffer cells, dendritic cells, hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes in the liver. The crosstalk between gut-derived antigens and TLRs on immune cells trigger a distinctive set of mechanisms to induce immunity, contributing to various acute and chronic liver diseases including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Accumulating evidence has shown that TLRs stimulation by foreign antigens induces the production of immunoactivating and immunoregulatory cytokines. Furthermore, the immunoregulatory arm of TLR stimulation can also controls excessive tissue damage. With this knowledge at hand, it is important to clarify the dual role of disease-specific TLRs as activators and regulators, especially in the liver. We will review the current understanding of TLR signaling and subsequent immune activation and tolerance by the innate immune system in the liver. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T00:16:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-82c353e3415c49f58978cc5f45f93f1c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T00:16:17Z |
| publishDate | 2014-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-82c353e3415c49f58978cc5f45f93f1c2022-12-21T20:00:20ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242014-05-01510.3389/fimmu.2014.0022180827Role of Toll-like receptors in immune activation and tolerance in the liverNobuhiro eNakamoto0Takanori eKanai1Keio University, School of MedicineKeio University, School of MedicineLiver has a unique vascular system receiving the majority of the blood supply from the gastrointestinal tract through the portal vein and faces continuous exposure to foreign pathogens and commensal bacterial products. These gut-derived antigens stimulate liver cells and result in a distinctive immune response via a family of pattern recognition receptors, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are expressed on Kupffer cells, dendritic cells, hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes in the liver. The crosstalk between gut-derived antigens and TLRs on immune cells trigger a distinctive set of mechanisms to induce immunity, contributing to various acute and chronic liver diseases including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Accumulating evidence has shown that TLRs stimulation by foreign antigens induces the production of immunoactivating and immunoregulatory cytokines. Furthermore, the immunoregulatory arm of TLR stimulation can also controls excessive tissue damage. With this knowledge at hand, it is important to clarify the dual role of disease-specific TLRs as activators and regulators, especially in the liver. We will review the current understanding of TLR signaling and subsequent immune activation and tolerance by the innate immune system in the liver.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00221/fulldendritic cellmicrobiotaToll-like receptorKupffer cellliver tolerance |
| spellingShingle | Nobuhiro eNakamoto Takanori eKanai Role of Toll-like receptors in immune activation and tolerance in the liver Frontiers in Immunology dendritic cell microbiota Toll-like receptor Kupffer cell liver tolerance |
| title | Role of Toll-like receptors in immune activation and tolerance in the liver |
| title_full | Role of Toll-like receptors in immune activation and tolerance in the liver |
| title_fullStr | Role of Toll-like receptors in immune activation and tolerance in the liver |
| title_full_unstemmed | Role of Toll-like receptors in immune activation and tolerance in the liver |
| title_short | Role of Toll-like receptors in immune activation and tolerance in the liver |
| title_sort | role of toll like receptors in immune activation and tolerance in the liver |
| topic | dendritic cell microbiota Toll-like receptor Kupffer cell liver tolerance |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00221/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nobuhiroenakamoto roleoftolllikereceptorsinimmuneactivationandtoleranceintheliver AT takanoriekanai roleoftolllikereceptorsinimmuneactivationandtoleranceintheliver |