Bioactive ZnO Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization and Potential Antimicrobial Applications
In recent years, biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have gained tremendous attention because of their safe and non-toxic nature and distinctive biomedical applications. A diverse range of microbes (bacteria, fungi and yeast) and various parts (leaf, root, fruit, flower, peel, stem, etc...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/15/11/2634 |
| _version_ | 1797458047806734336 |
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| author | Md. Amdadul Huq Md. Aminul Islam Apu Md. Ashrafudoulla Md. Mizanur Rahman Md. Anowar Khasru Parvez Sri Renukadevi Balusamy Shahina Akter Md. Shahedur Rahman |
| author_facet | Md. Amdadul Huq Md. Aminul Islam Apu Md. Ashrafudoulla Md. Mizanur Rahman Md. Anowar Khasru Parvez Sri Renukadevi Balusamy Shahina Akter Md. Shahedur Rahman |
| author_sort | Md. Amdadul Huq |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In recent years, biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have gained tremendous attention because of their safe and non-toxic nature and distinctive biomedical applications. A diverse range of microbes (bacteria, fungi and yeast) and various parts (leaf, root, fruit, flower, peel, stem, etc.) of plants have been exploited for the facile, rapid, cost-effective and non-toxic synthesis of ZnONPs. Plant extracts, microbial biomass or culture supernatant contain various biomolecules including enzymes, amino acids, proteins, vitamins, alkaloids, flavonoids, etc., which serve as reducing, capping and stabilizing agents during the biosynthesis of ZnONPs. The biosynthesized ZnONPs are generally characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, etc. Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem for global public health. Due to mutation, shifting environmental circumstances and excessive drug use, the number of multidrug-resistant pathogenic microbes is continuously rising. To solve this issue, novel, safe and effective antimicrobial agents are needed urgently. Biosynthesized ZnONPs could be novel and effective antimicrobial agents because of their safe and non-toxic nature and powerful antimicrobial characteristics. It is proven that biosynthesized ZnONPs have strong antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microorganisms including multidrug-resistant bacteria. The possible antimicrobial mechanisms of ZnONPs are the generation of reactive oxygen species, physical interactions, disruption of the cell walls and cell membranes, damage to DNA, enzyme inactivation, protein denaturation, ribosomal destabilization and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, the biosynthesis of ZnONPs using microbes and plants and their characterization have been reviewed comprehensively. Also, the antimicrobial applications and mechanisms of biosynthesized ZnONPs against various pathogenic microorganisms have been highlighted. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:31:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-82e32c91c0af4d42a04902ad36243aca |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:31:29Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-82e32c91c0af4d42a04902ad36243aca2023-11-24T15:01:12ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232023-11-011511263410.3390/pharmaceutics15112634Bioactive ZnO Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization and Potential Antimicrobial ApplicationsMd. Amdadul Huq0Md. Aminul Islam Apu1Md. Ashrafudoulla2Md. Mizanur Rahman3Md. Anowar Khasru Parvez4Sri Renukadevi Balusamy5Shahina Akter6Md. Shahedur Rahman7Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resource, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Nutrition and Hospitality Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USADepartment of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, BangladeshDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, BangladeshIn recent years, biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have gained tremendous attention because of their safe and non-toxic nature and distinctive biomedical applications. A diverse range of microbes (bacteria, fungi and yeast) and various parts (leaf, root, fruit, flower, peel, stem, etc.) of plants have been exploited for the facile, rapid, cost-effective and non-toxic synthesis of ZnONPs. Plant extracts, microbial biomass or culture supernatant contain various biomolecules including enzymes, amino acids, proteins, vitamins, alkaloids, flavonoids, etc., which serve as reducing, capping and stabilizing agents during the biosynthesis of ZnONPs. The biosynthesized ZnONPs are generally characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, etc. Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem for global public health. Due to mutation, shifting environmental circumstances and excessive drug use, the number of multidrug-resistant pathogenic microbes is continuously rising. To solve this issue, novel, safe and effective antimicrobial agents are needed urgently. Biosynthesized ZnONPs could be novel and effective antimicrobial agents because of their safe and non-toxic nature and powerful antimicrobial characteristics. It is proven that biosynthesized ZnONPs have strong antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microorganisms including multidrug-resistant bacteria. The possible antimicrobial mechanisms of ZnONPs are the generation of reactive oxygen species, physical interactions, disruption of the cell walls and cell membranes, damage to DNA, enzyme inactivation, protein denaturation, ribosomal destabilization and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, the biosynthesis of ZnONPs using microbes and plants and their characterization have been reviewed comprehensively. Also, the antimicrobial applications and mechanisms of biosynthesized ZnONPs against various pathogenic microorganisms have been highlighted.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/15/11/2634ZnONPsbiosynthesischaracterizationantimicrobial applicationsantimicrobial mechanisms |
| spellingShingle | Md. Amdadul Huq Md. Aminul Islam Apu Md. Ashrafudoulla Md. Mizanur Rahman Md. Anowar Khasru Parvez Sri Renukadevi Balusamy Shahina Akter Md. Shahedur Rahman Bioactive ZnO Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization and Potential Antimicrobial Applications Pharmaceutics ZnONPs biosynthesis characterization antimicrobial applications antimicrobial mechanisms |
| title | Bioactive ZnO Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization and Potential Antimicrobial Applications |
| title_full | Bioactive ZnO Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization and Potential Antimicrobial Applications |
| title_fullStr | Bioactive ZnO Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization and Potential Antimicrobial Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bioactive ZnO Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization and Potential Antimicrobial Applications |
| title_short | Bioactive ZnO Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization and Potential Antimicrobial Applications |
| title_sort | bioactive zno nanoparticles biosynthesis characterization and potential antimicrobial applications |
| topic | ZnONPs biosynthesis characterization antimicrobial applications antimicrobial mechanisms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/15/11/2634 |
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