Innate immune responses to RNA: sensing and signaling
Nucleic acids are among the most essential PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). Animals have evolved numerous sensors to recognize nucleic acids and trigger immune signaling against pathogen replication, cellular stress and cancer. Many sensor proteins (e.g., cGAS, AIM2, and TLR9) recogni...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1287940/full |
| _version_ | 1827373725061742592 |
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| author | Xiaohan Luan Xiaohan Luan Lei Wang Guangji Song Wen Zhou Wen Zhou |
| author_facet | Xiaohan Luan Xiaohan Luan Lei Wang Guangji Song Wen Zhou Wen Zhou |
| author_sort | Xiaohan Luan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nucleic acids are among the most essential PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). Animals have evolved numerous sensors to recognize nucleic acids and trigger immune signaling against pathogen replication, cellular stress and cancer. Many sensor proteins (e.g., cGAS, AIM2, and TLR9) recognize the molecular signature of infection or stress and are responsible for the innate immune response to DNA. Remarkably, recent evidence demonstrates that cGAS-like receptors acquire the ability to sense RNA in some forms of life. Compared with the nucleic-acid sensing by cGAS, innate immune responses to RNA are based on various RNA sensors, including RIG-I, MDA5, ADAR1, TLR3/7/8, OAS1, PKR, NLRP1/6, and ZBP1, via a broad-spectrum signaling axis. Importantly, new advances have brought to light the potential clinical application of targeting these signaling pathways. Here, we highlight the latest discoveries in the field. We also summarize the activation and regulatory mechanisms of RNA-sensing signaling. In addition, we discuss how RNA sensing is tightly controlled in cells and why the disruption of immune homeostasis is linked to disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T11:21:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-82f6fd9b329e49059a39c799b25609e2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T11:21:32Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-82f6fd9b329e49059a39c799b25609e22024-01-26T09:31:18ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242024-01-011510.3389/fimmu.2024.12879401287940Innate immune responses to RNA: sensing and signalingXiaohan Luan0Xiaohan Luan1Lei Wang2Guangji Song3Wen Zhou4Wen Zhou5Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Assembling and Regulation, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaShenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Assembling and Regulation, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, ChinaNucleic acids are among the most essential PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). Animals have evolved numerous sensors to recognize nucleic acids and trigger immune signaling against pathogen replication, cellular stress and cancer. Many sensor proteins (e.g., cGAS, AIM2, and TLR9) recognize the molecular signature of infection or stress and are responsible for the innate immune response to DNA. Remarkably, recent evidence demonstrates that cGAS-like receptors acquire the ability to sense RNA in some forms of life. Compared with the nucleic-acid sensing by cGAS, innate immune responses to RNA are based on various RNA sensors, including RIG-I, MDA5, ADAR1, TLR3/7/8, OAS1, PKR, NLRP1/6, and ZBP1, via a broad-spectrum signaling axis. Importantly, new advances have brought to light the potential clinical application of targeting these signaling pathways. Here, we highlight the latest discoveries in the field. We also summarize the activation and regulatory mechanisms of RNA-sensing signaling. In addition, we discuss how RNA sensing is tightly controlled in cells and why the disruption of immune homeostasis is linked to disease.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1287940/fullRNA-sensing pathwaysRNA sensorsinnate immunitypattern recognition receptorRNA vaccinesdisease |
| spellingShingle | Xiaohan Luan Xiaohan Luan Lei Wang Guangji Song Wen Zhou Wen Zhou Innate immune responses to RNA: sensing and signaling Frontiers in Immunology RNA-sensing pathways RNA sensors innate immunity pattern recognition receptor RNA vaccines disease |
| title | Innate immune responses to RNA: sensing and signaling |
| title_full | Innate immune responses to RNA: sensing and signaling |
| title_fullStr | Innate immune responses to RNA: sensing and signaling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Innate immune responses to RNA: sensing and signaling |
| title_short | Innate immune responses to RNA: sensing and signaling |
| title_sort | innate immune responses to rna sensing and signaling |
| topic | RNA-sensing pathways RNA sensors innate immunity pattern recognition receptor RNA vaccines disease |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1287940/full |
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