Metabolite Profiling and Network Analysis Reveal Coordinated Changes in Low-N Tolerant and Low-N Sensitive Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Deficiency and Restoration Conditions
Nitrogen (N), applied in the form of a nitrogenous fertilizer, is one of the main inputs for agricultural production. Food production is closely associated with the application of N. However, the application of nitrogenous fertilizers to agricultural fields is associated with heavy production of nit...
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| author | Arshid Hussain Ganie Renu Pandey M. Nagaraj Kumar Viswanathan Chinnusamy Muhammad Iqbal Altaf Ahmad |
| author_facet | Arshid Hussain Ganie Renu Pandey M. Nagaraj Kumar Viswanathan Chinnusamy Muhammad Iqbal Altaf Ahmad |
| author_sort | Arshid Hussain Ganie |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nitrogen (N), applied in the form of a nitrogenous fertilizer, is one of the main inputs for agricultural production. Food production is closely associated with the application of N. However, the application of nitrogenous fertilizers to agricultural fields is associated with heavy production of nitrous oxide because agricultural crops can only utilize 30–40% of applied N, leaving behind unused 60–70% N in the environment. The global warming effect of this greenhouse gas is approximately 300 times more than of carbon dioxide. Under the present scenario of climate change, it is critical to maintain the natural balance between food production and environmental sustainability by targeting traits responsible for improving nitrogen-use-efficiency (NUE). Understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the metabolic alterations due to nitrogen status needs to be addressed. Additionally, mineral nutrient deficiencies and their associated metabolic networks have not yet been studied well. Given this, the alterations in core metabolic pathways of low-N tolerant (LNT) and low-N sensitive (LNS) genotypes of maize under N-deficiency and their efficiency of recovering the changes upon resupplying N were investigated by us, using the GC–MS and LC–MS based metabolomic approach. Significant genotype-specific changes were noted in response to low-N. The N limitation affected the whole plant metabolism, most significantly the precursors of primary metabolic pathways. These precursors may act as important targets for improving the NUE. Limited availability of N reduced the levels of N-containing metabolites, organic acids and amino acids, but soluble sugars increased. Major variations were encountered in LNS, as compared to LNT. This study has revealed potential metabolic targets in response to the N status, which are indeed the prospective targets for crop improvement. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-83155f06e2f5469f9b3bb5686f96a8402023-11-20T18:58:09ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472020-10-01911145910.3390/plants9111459Metabolite Profiling and Network Analysis Reveal Coordinated Changes in Low-N Tolerant and Low-N Sensitive Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Deficiency and Restoration ConditionsArshid Hussain Ganie0Renu Pandey1M. Nagaraj Kumar2Viswanathan Chinnusamy3Muhammad Iqbal4Altaf Ahmad5Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, IndiaDivision of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, IndiaDivision of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, IndiaDivision of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, IndiaDepartment of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, IndiaDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, IndiaNitrogen (N), applied in the form of a nitrogenous fertilizer, is one of the main inputs for agricultural production. Food production is closely associated with the application of N. However, the application of nitrogenous fertilizers to agricultural fields is associated with heavy production of nitrous oxide because agricultural crops can only utilize 30–40% of applied N, leaving behind unused 60–70% N in the environment. The global warming effect of this greenhouse gas is approximately 300 times more than of carbon dioxide. Under the present scenario of climate change, it is critical to maintain the natural balance between food production and environmental sustainability by targeting traits responsible for improving nitrogen-use-efficiency (NUE). Understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the metabolic alterations due to nitrogen status needs to be addressed. Additionally, mineral nutrient deficiencies and their associated metabolic networks have not yet been studied well. Given this, the alterations in core metabolic pathways of low-N tolerant (LNT) and low-N sensitive (LNS) genotypes of maize under N-deficiency and their efficiency of recovering the changes upon resupplying N were investigated by us, using the GC–MS and LC–MS based metabolomic approach. Significant genotype-specific changes were noted in response to low-N. The N limitation affected the whole plant metabolism, most significantly the precursors of primary metabolic pathways. These precursors may act as important targets for improving the NUE. Limited availability of N reduced the levels of N-containing metabolites, organic acids and amino acids, but soluble sugars increased. Major variations were encountered in LNS, as compared to LNT. This study has revealed potential metabolic targets in response to the N status, which are indeed the prospective targets for crop improvement.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/11/1459maizeGC–MSLC–MSmetabolomicsnitrogen deficiencynitrogen-use-efficiency |
| spellingShingle | Arshid Hussain Ganie Renu Pandey M. Nagaraj Kumar Viswanathan Chinnusamy Muhammad Iqbal Altaf Ahmad Metabolite Profiling and Network Analysis Reveal Coordinated Changes in Low-N Tolerant and Low-N Sensitive Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Deficiency and Restoration Conditions Plants maize GC–MS LC–MS metabolomics nitrogen deficiency nitrogen-use-efficiency |
| title | Metabolite Profiling and Network Analysis Reveal Coordinated Changes in Low-N Tolerant and Low-N Sensitive Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Deficiency and Restoration Conditions |
| title_full | Metabolite Profiling and Network Analysis Reveal Coordinated Changes in Low-N Tolerant and Low-N Sensitive Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Deficiency and Restoration Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Metabolite Profiling and Network Analysis Reveal Coordinated Changes in Low-N Tolerant and Low-N Sensitive Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Deficiency and Restoration Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metabolite Profiling and Network Analysis Reveal Coordinated Changes in Low-N Tolerant and Low-N Sensitive Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Deficiency and Restoration Conditions |
| title_short | Metabolite Profiling and Network Analysis Reveal Coordinated Changes in Low-N Tolerant and Low-N Sensitive Maize Genotypes under Nitrogen Deficiency and Restoration Conditions |
| title_sort | metabolite profiling and network analysis reveal coordinated changes in low n tolerant and low n sensitive maize genotypes under nitrogen deficiency and restoration conditions |
| topic | maize GC–MS LC–MS metabolomics nitrogen deficiency nitrogen-use-efficiency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/11/1459 |
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