Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in a Battery Electric Bus
In battery electric buses (e-buses), the substantial energy consumption of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system can cause significant reductions of the available travel range. Additionally, HVAC systems are often operated at higher levels than what required for the thermal co...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | World Electric Vehicle Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/12/1/7 |
| _version_ | 1827604250240221184 |
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| author | Francesco Cigarini Tu-Anh Fay Nikolay Artemenko Dietmar Göhlich |
| author_facet | Francesco Cigarini Tu-Anh Fay Nikolay Artemenko Dietmar Göhlich |
| author_sort | Francesco Cigarini |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In battery electric buses (e-buses), the substantial energy consumption of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system can cause significant reductions of the available travel range. Additionally, HVAC systems are often operated at higher levels than what required for the thermal comfort of the passengers. Therefore, this paper proposes a method to experimentally investigate the influence of the HVAC system on the energy consumption and thermal comfort in a 12<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> e-bus. An appropriate thermal comfort model is identified and the required climatic input parameters are selected and measured with self-developed sensor stations. The energy consumption of the e-bus, the state of charge (SoC) of the battery and the available travel range are measured by an embedded data logger. Climatic measurements are then performed with heating on and off on a Berlin bus line in winter conditions. The results show that the energy consumption of the e-bus is increased by a factor of <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1.9</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> with heating on, while both the SoC and travel range are reduced accordingly. Comparing the thermal comfort with heating on and off, a decrease from “comfortable” to “slightly uncomfortable but acceptable” is observed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:56:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-83550af735d74100aceb02288ef01bbe |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2032-6653 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:56:20Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | World Electric Vehicle Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-83550af735d74100aceb02288ef01bbe2023-12-03T12:13:32ZengMDPI AGWorld Electric Vehicle Journal2032-66532021-01-01121710.3390/wevj12010007Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in a Battery Electric BusFrancesco Cigarini0Tu-Anh Fay1Nikolay Artemenko2Dietmar Göhlich3Chair for Methods of Product Development and Mechatronics, Technische Unversität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, GermanyChair for Methods of Product Development and Mechatronics, Technische Unversität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, GermanyChair for Methods of Product Development and Mechatronics, Technische Unversität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, GermanyChair for Methods of Product Development and Mechatronics, Technische Unversität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, GermanyIn battery electric buses (e-buses), the substantial energy consumption of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system can cause significant reductions of the available travel range. Additionally, HVAC systems are often operated at higher levels than what required for the thermal comfort of the passengers. Therefore, this paper proposes a method to experimentally investigate the influence of the HVAC system on the energy consumption and thermal comfort in a 12<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> e-bus. An appropriate thermal comfort model is identified and the required climatic input parameters are selected and measured with self-developed sensor stations. The energy consumption of the e-bus, the state of charge (SoC) of the battery and the available travel range are measured by an embedded data logger. Climatic measurements are then performed with heating on and off on a Berlin bus line in winter conditions. The results show that the energy consumption of the e-bus is increased by a factor of <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1.9</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> with heating on, while both the SoC and travel range are reduced accordingly. Comparing the thermal comfort with heating on and off, a decrease from “comfortable” to “slightly uncomfortable but acceptable” is observed.https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/12/1/7electric busenergy consumptionHVAC systemmodelingthermal comfort |
| spellingShingle | Francesco Cigarini Tu-Anh Fay Nikolay Artemenko Dietmar Göhlich Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in a Battery Electric Bus World Electric Vehicle Journal electric bus energy consumption HVAC system modeling thermal comfort |
| title | Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in a Battery Electric Bus |
| title_full | Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in a Battery Electric Bus |
| title_fullStr | Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in a Battery Electric Bus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in a Battery Electric Bus |
| title_short | Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in a Battery Electric Bus |
| title_sort | modeling and experimental investigation of thermal comfort and energy consumption in a battery electric bus |
| topic | electric bus energy consumption HVAC system modeling thermal comfort |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/12/1/7 |
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