Forces and moments generated during extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with clear aligners: an in vitro study
Abstract Objective To assess the possibility of extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with the use of buccal and lingual pressure columns in the absence of attachments, and to evaluate the forces and moments experienced by the teeth using both thermoformed and 3D-printed clear aligners. Materials...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-07-01
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| Series: | BMC Oral Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03136-2 |
| _version_ | 1827894824778334208 |
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| author | Abraham McKay Julie McCray Brent Bankhead Michael M. Lee Gabriel Miranda Samar M. Adel Ki Beom Kim |
| author_facet | Abraham McKay Julie McCray Brent Bankhead Michael M. Lee Gabriel Miranda Samar M. Adel Ki Beom Kim |
| author_sort | Abraham McKay |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Objective To assess the possibility of extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with the use of buccal and lingual pressure columns in the absence of attachments, and to evaluate the forces and moments experienced by the teeth using both thermoformed and 3D-printed clear aligners. Materials and methods A three-axis force and moment sensor (Aidin Robotics, Anyang, South Korea) was used to measure the forces and moments during extrusion of an upper left central incisor (UL1) and any forces experienced by the upper right central incisor (UR1) using thermoformed aligners and 3D-printed aligners. For the thermoformed aligners, the materials used were ATMOS® (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI) and Zendura FLX® (Bay Materials LLC, Fremont, CA). 3D-printed aligners were fabricated using TC-85 clear photocurable resin (Graphy Inc., Seoul, South Korea). For each material type, three conditions were tested: Group 1: No attachment or pressure columns (control); Group 2: Attachment only; and Group 3: Pressure columns only. Each group was planned for 0.5 mm of extrusion on the UL1. Results All force readings collected demonstrated statistically significant differences when compared by materials and when compared by groups, with a P value of < 0.001. In the absence of attachment or pressure columns (Group 1), ATMOS® and TC-85 groups exerted extrusive force on the UL1. However, significantly lower forces and moments were exerted by the TC-85 group in comparison to the ATMOS® and Zendura FLX® groups. In the presence of attachment (Group 2), all three ATMOS®, Zendura FLX® and TC-85 groups exerted extrusive force on the UL1, with the TA group showing different directions of faciolingual force, mesiodistal force and faciolingual inclination on the UR1 when compared to the other two thermoformed groups. Whereas in the presence of pressure columns (Group 3), only the TC-85 3D-printed aligner group exerted extrusive force. Thermoformed aligners generated significantly higher mean forces and moments than 3D-printed aligners. Significant levels of unintended forces and moments were present in all groups. Conclusions Force levels generated during extrusion with clear aligners are significantly lower with those 3D-printed using TC-85 than with those thermoformed using ATMOS® or Zendura FLX®. Attachments consistently generated extrusive forces, and may be an effective adjunct in achieving extrusion of incisors. Extrusion may be achieved without the use of attachments by utilizing pressure columns in 3D-printed aligners using TC-85. While different strategies can generate extrusive forces, there are significant unintended forces and moments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T22:13:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8360f2497e2a4aceba8cf425ca374ac6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1472-6831 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T22:13:02Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Oral Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-8360f2497e2a4aceba8cf425ca374ac62023-07-23T11:28:22ZengBMCBMC Oral Health1472-68312023-07-0123111510.1186/s12903-023-03136-2Forces and moments generated during extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with clear aligners: an in vitro studyAbraham McKay0Julie McCray1Brent Bankhead2Michael M. Lee3Gabriel Miranda4Samar M. Adel5Ki Beom Kim6Department of Orthodontics, Saint Louis UniversityDepartment of Orthodontics, Saint Louis UniversityDepartment of Orthodontics, Saint Louis UniversityDepartment of Orthodontics, Saint Louis UniversityDepartment of Orthodontics, Saint Louis UniversityDepartment of Orthodontics, Saint Louis UniversityDepartment of Orthodontics, Saint Louis UniversityAbstract Objective To assess the possibility of extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with the use of buccal and lingual pressure columns in the absence of attachments, and to evaluate the forces and moments experienced by the teeth using both thermoformed and 3D-printed clear aligners. Materials and methods A three-axis force and moment sensor (Aidin Robotics, Anyang, South Korea) was used to measure the forces and moments during extrusion of an upper left central incisor (UL1) and any forces experienced by the upper right central incisor (UR1) using thermoformed aligners and 3D-printed aligners. For the thermoformed aligners, the materials used were ATMOS® (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI) and Zendura FLX® (Bay Materials LLC, Fremont, CA). 3D-printed aligners were fabricated using TC-85 clear photocurable resin (Graphy Inc., Seoul, South Korea). For each material type, three conditions were tested: Group 1: No attachment or pressure columns (control); Group 2: Attachment only; and Group 3: Pressure columns only. Each group was planned for 0.5 mm of extrusion on the UL1. Results All force readings collected demonstrated statistically significant differences when compared by materials and when compared by groups, with a P value of < 0.001. In the absence of attachment or pressure columns (Group 1), ATMOS® and TC-85 groups exerted extrusive force on the UL1. However, significantly lower forces and moments were exerted by the TC-85 group in comparison to the ATMOS® and Zendura FLX® groups. In the presence of attachment (Group 2), all three ATMOS®, Zendura FLX® and TC-85 groups exerted extrusive force on the UL1, with the TA group showing different directions of faciolingual force, mesiodistal force and faciolingual inclination on the UR1 when compared to the other two thermoformed groups. Whereas in the presence of pressure columns (Group 3), only the TC-85 3D-printed aligner group exerted extrusive force. Thermoformed aligners generated significantly higher mean forces and moments than 3D-printed aligners. Significant levels of unintended forces and moments were present in all groups. Conclusions Force levels generated during extrusion with clear aligners are significantly lower with those 3D-printed using TC-85 than with those thermoformed using ATMOS® or Zendura FLX®. Attachments consistently generated extrusive forces, and may be an effective adjunct in achieving extrusion of incisors. Extrusion may be achieved without the use of attachments by utilizing pressure columns in 3D-printed aligners using TC-85. While different strategies can generate extrusive forces, there are significant unintended forces and moments.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03136-2Clear aligners3D-printed alignersDirect printed alignersExtrusionAttachmentsPressure columns |
| spellingShingle | Abraham McKay Julie McCray Brent Bankhead Michael M. Lee Gabriel Miranda Samar M. Adel Ki Beom Kim Forces and moments generated during extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with clear aligners: an in vitro study BMC Oral Health Clear aligners 3D-printed aligners Direct printed aligners Extrusion Attachments Pressure columns |
| title | Forces and moments generated during extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with clear aligners: an in vitro study |
| title_full | Forces and moments generated during extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with clear aligners: an in vitro study |
| title_fullStr | Forces and moments generated during extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with clear aligners: an in vitro study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Forces and moments generated during extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with clear aligners: an in vitro study |
| title_short | Forces and moments generated during extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with clear aligners: an in vitro study |
| title_sort | forces and moments generated during extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with clear aligners an in vitro study |
| topic | Clear aligners 3D-printed aligners Direct printed aligners Extrusion Attachments Pressure columns |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03136-2 |
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