Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS).
<h4>Background</h4>C-reactive protein (CRP) is a well-established marker of inflammation. The level of CRP is affected by several lifestyle factors. A slightly increased CRP level, also known as low-grade inflammation (LGI), is associated with increased risk of several diseases, especial...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2014-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24516611/?tool=EBI |
| _version_ | 1818459622879526912 |
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| author | Cecilie J Sørensen Ole B Pedersen Mikkel S Petersen Erik Sørensen Sebastian Kotzé Lise W Thørner Henrik Hjalgrim Andreas S Rigas Bjarne Møller Klaus Rostgaard Mads Riiskjær Henrik Ullum Christian Erikstrup |
| author_facet | Cecilie J Sørensen Ole B Pedersen Mikkel S Petersen Erik Sørensen Sebastian Kotzé Lise W Thørner Henrik Hjalgrim Andreas S Rigas Bjarne Møller Klaus Rostgaard Mads Riiskjær Henrik Ullum Christian Erikstrup |
| author_sort | Cecilie J Sørensen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <h4>Background</h4>C-reactive protein (CRP) is a well-established marker of inflammation. The level of CRP is affected by several lifestyle factors. A slightly increased CRP level, also known as low-grade inflammation (LGI), is associated with increased risk of several diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of increased CRP levels in healthy individuals. We therefore assessed CRP in a large cohort of blood donors.<h4>Methods</h4>We measured plasma CRP levels in 15,684 participants from the Danish Blood Donor Study. CRP was measured by a commercial assay. Furthermore, all participants completed a standard questionnaire on smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet, and various body measurements. Female participants also reported the use of contraception, childbirth, and menopausal status. The relationship between LGI (defined here as a plasma CRP level between 3 mg/L and 10 mg/L) and predictors was explored by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results were presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).<h4>Results</h4>We found LGI in a total of 1,561 (10.0%) participants. LGI was more frequent in women using combined oral contraception (OC) (29.9%) than in men (6.1%) and women not using OC (7.9%). Among premenopausal women, OC was the strongest predictor of LGI (odds ratio = 8.98, p<0.001). Additionally, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were positively associated with LGI.<h4>Conclusion</h4>High BMI and abdominal obesity strongly predicted LGI among healthy individuals. However, the most striking finding was the high prevalence of LGI among premenopausal women who used combined oral contraception. Although the significance of CRP as a marker of inflammation is well known, the role of CRP in pathogenesis is still uncertain. The impact of oral contraception on CRP levels should nevertheless be considered when CRP is used in risk assessment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T23:17:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-83873a568afd472c90acab4f71b46550 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T23:17:17Z |
| publishDate | 2014-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-83873a568afd472c90acab4f71b465502022-12-21T22:44:03ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032014-01-0192e8819610.1371/journal.pone.0088196Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS).Cecilie J SørensenOle B PedersenMikkel S PetersenErik SørensenSebastian KotzéLise W ThørnerHenrik HjalgrimAndreas S RigasBjarne MøllerKlaus RostgaardMads RiiskjærHenrik UllumChristian Erikstrup<h4>Background</h4>C-reactive protein (CRP) is a well-established marker of inflammation. The level of CRP is affected by several lifestyle factors. A slightly increased CRP level, also known as low-grade inflammation (LGI), is associated with increased risk of several diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of increased CRP levels in healthy individuals. We therefore assessed CRP in a large cohort of blood donors.<h4>Methods</h4>We measured plasma CRP levels in 15,684 participants from the Danish Blood Donor Study. CRP was measured by a commercial assay. Furthermore, all participants completed a standard questionnaire on smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet, and various body measurements. Female participants also reported the use of contraception, childbirth, and menopausal status. The relationship between LGI (defined here as a plasma CRP level between 3 mg/L and 10 mg/L) and predictors was explored by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results were presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).<h4>Results</h4>We found LGI in a total of 1,561 (10.0%) participants. LGI was more frequent in women using combined oral contraception (OC) (29.9%) than in men (6.1%) and women not using OC (7.9%). Among premenopausal women, OC was the strongest predictor of LGI (odds ratio = 8.98, p<0.001). Additionally, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were positively associated with LGI.<h4>Conclusion</h4>High BMI and abdominal obesity strongly predicted LGI among healthy individuals. However, the most striking finding was the high prevalence of LGI among premenopausal women who used combined oral contraception. Although the significance of CRP as a marker of inflammation is well known, the role of CRP in pathogenesis is still uncertain. The impact of oral contraception on CRP levels should nevertheless be considered when CRP is used in risk assessment.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24516611/?tool=EBI |
| spellingShingle | Cecilie J Sørensen Ole B Pedersen Mikkel S Petersen Erik Sørensen Sebastian Kotzé Lise W Thørner Henrik Hjalgrim Andreas S Rigas Bjarne Møller Klaus Rostgaard Mads Riiskjær Henrik Ullum Christian Erikstrup Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS). PLoS ONE |
| title | Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS). |
| title_full | Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS). |
| title_fullStr | Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS). |
| title_full_unstemmed | Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS). |
| title_short | Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS). |
| title_sort | combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low grade inflammation in healthy individuals results from the danish blood donor study dbds |
| url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24516611/?tool=EBI |
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