Interplay between ESKAPE Pathogens and Immunity in Skin Infections: An Overview of the Major Determinants of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance
The skin is the largest organ in the human body, acting as a physical and immunological barrier against pathogenic microorganisms. The cutaneous lesions constitute a gateway for microbial contamination that can lead to chronic wounds and other invasive infections. Chronic wounds are considered as se...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/2/148 |
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| author | Gustavo Henrique Rodrigues Vale de Macedo Gabrielle Damasceno Evangelista Costa Elane Rodrigues Oliveira Glauciane Viera Damasceno Juliana Silva Pereira Mendonça Lucas dos Santos Silva Vitor Lopes Chagas José Manuel Noguera Bazán Amanda Silva dos Santos Aliança Rita de Cássia Mendonça de Miranda Adrielle Zagmignan Andrea de Souza Monteiro Luís Cláudio Nascimento da Silva |
| author_facet | Gustavo Henrique Rodrigues Vale de Macedo Gabrielle Damasceno Evangelista Costa Elane Rodrigues Oliveira Glauciane Viera Damasceno Juliana Silva Pereira Mendonça Lucas dos Santos Silva Vitor Lopes Chagas José Manuel Noguera Bazán Amanda Silva dos Santos Aliança Rita de Cássia Mendonça de Miranda Adrielle Zagmignan Andrea de Souza Monteiro Luís Cláudio Nascimento da Silva |
| author_sort | Gustavo Henrique Rodrigues Vale de Macedo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The skin is the largest organ in the human body, acting as a physical and immunological barrier against pathogenic microorganisms. The cutaneous lesions constitute a gateway for microbial contamination that can lead to chronic wounds and other invasive infections. Chronic wounds are considered as serious public health problems due the related social, psychological and economic consequences. The group of bacteria known as ESKAPE (<i>Enterococcus faecium</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Enterobacter</i> sp.) are among the most prevalent bacteria in cutaneous infections. These pathogens have a high level of incidence in hospital environments and several strains present phenotypes of multidrug resistance. In this review, we discuss some important aspects of skin immunology and the involvement of ESKAPE in wound infections. First, we introduce some fundamental aspects of skin physiology and immunology related to cutaneous infections. Following this, the major virulence factors involved in colonization and tissue damage are highlighted, as well as the most frequently detected antimicrobial resistance genes. ESKAPE pathogens express several virulence determinants that overcome the skin’s physical and immunological barriers, enabling them to cause severe wound infections. The high ability these bacteria to acquire resistance is alarming, particularly in the hospital settings where immunocompromised individuals are exposed to these pathogens. Knowledge about the virulence and resistance markers of these species is important in order to develop new strategies to detect and treat their associated infections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:07:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-838983e639424dfd90f345041433346e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:07:21Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-838983e639424dfd90f345041433346e2023-12-03T12:02:39ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172021-02-0110214810.3390/pathogens10020148Interplay between ESKAPE Pathogens and Immunity in Skin Infections: An Overview of the Major Determinants of Virulence and Antibiotic ResistanceGustavo Henrique Rodrigues Vale de Macedo0Gabrielle Damasceno Evangelista Costa1Elane Rodrigues Oliveira2Glauciane Viera Damasceno3Juliana Silva Pereira Mendonça4Lucas dos Santos Silva5Vitor Lopes Chagas6José Manuel Noguera Bazán7Amanda Silva dos Santos Aliança8Rita de Cássia Mendonça de Miranda9Adrielle Zagmignan10Andrea de Souza Monteiro11Luís Cláudio Nascimento da Silva12Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 São Luís, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 São Luís, BrazilLaboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 São Luís, BrazilLaboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 São Luís, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 São Luís, BrazilLaboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 São Luís, BrazilLaboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 São Luís, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 São Luís, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Gestão de Programas e Serviços de Saúde, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 São Luís, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 São Luís, BrazilLaboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 São Luís, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 São Luís, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 São Luís, BrazilThe skin is the largest organ in the human body, acting as a physical and immunological barrier against pathogenic microorganisms. The cutaneous lesions constitute a gateway for microbial contamination that can lead to chronic wounds and other invasive infections. Chronic wounds are considered as serious public health problems due the related social, psychological and economic consequences. The group of bacteria known as ESKAPE (<i>Enterococcus faecium</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Enterobacter</i> sp.) are among the most prevalent bacteria in cutaneous infections. These pathogens have a high level of incidence in hospital environments and several strains present phenotypes of multidrug resistance. In this review, we discuss some important aspects of skin immunology and the involvement of ESKAPE in wound infections. First, we introduce some fundamental aspects of skin physiology and immunology related to cutaneous infections. Following this, the major virulence factors involved in colonization and tissue damage are highlighted, as well as the most frequently detected antimicrobial resistance genes. ESKAPE pathogens express several virulence determinants that overcome the skin’s physical and immunological barriers, enabling them to cause severe wound infections. The high ability these bacteria to acquire resistance is alarming, particularly in the hospital settings where immunocompromised individuals are exposed to these pathogens. Knowledge about the virulence and resistance markers of these species is important in order to develop new strategies to detect and treat their associated infections.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/2/148skin infectionschronic woundshypervirulent phenotypesmultidrug resistance |
| spellingShingle | Gustavo Henrique Rodrigues Vale de Macedo Gabrielle Damasceno Evangelista Costa Elane Rodrigues Oliveira Glauciane Viera Damasceno Juliana Silva Pereira Mendonça Lucas dos Santos Silva Vitor Lopes Chagas José Manuel Noguera Bazán Amanda Silva dos Santos Aliança Rita de Cássia Mendonça de Miranda Adrielle Zagmignan Andrea de Souza Monteiro Luís Cláudio Nascimento da Silva Interplay between ESKAPE Pathogens and Immunity in Skin Infections: An Overview of the Major Determinants of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Pathogens skin infections chronic wounds hypervirulent phenotypes multidrug resistance |
| title | Interplay between ESKAPE Pathogens and Immunity in Skin Infections: An Overview of the Major Determinants of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance |
| title_full | Interplay between ESKAPE Pathogens and Immunity in Skin Infections: An Overview of the Major Determinants of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance |
| title_fullStr | Interplay between ESKAPE Pathogens and Immunity in Skin Infections: An Overview of the Major Determinants of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Interplay between ESKAPE Pathogens and Immunity in Skin Infections: An Overview of the Major Determinants of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance |
| title_short | Interplay between ESKAPE Pathogens and Immunity in Skin Infections: An Overview of the Major Determinants of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance |
| title_sort | interplay between eskape pathogens and immunity in skin infections an overview of the major determinants of virulence and antibiotic resistance |
| topic | skin infections chronic wounds hypervirulent phenotypes multidrug resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/2/148 |
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