Identification of spikes in continuous ground-based in situ time series of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO: an extended experiment within the European ICOS Atmosphere network
<p>The identification of spikes (i.e., short and high variability in the measured signals due to very local emissions occurring in the proximity of a measurement site) is of interest when using continuous measurements of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) in different applications like the de...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| Online Access: | https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/16/5977/2023/amt-16-5977-2023.pdf |
| _version_ | 1797391927016947712 |
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| author | P. Cristofanelli C. Fratticioli L. Hazan M. Chariot C. Couret O. Gazetas D. Kubistin A. Laitinen A. Leskinen A. Leskinen T. Laurila M. Lindauer G. Manca M. Ramonet P. Trisolino M. Steinbacher |
| author_facet | P. Cristofanelli C. Fratticioli L. Hazan M. Chariot C. Couret O. Gazetas D. Kubistin A. Laitinen A. Leskinen A. Leskinen T. Laurila M. Lindauer G. Manca M. Ramonet P. Trisolino M. Steinbacher |
| author_sort | P. Cristofanelli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>The identification of spikes (i.e., short and high variability in the measured signals due to very local emissions occurring in the proximity of a measurement site) is of interest when using continuous measurements of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) in different applications like the determination of long-term trends and/or spatial gradients, inversion experiments devoted to the top-down quantification of GHG surface–atmosphere fluxes, the characterization of local emissions, or the quality control of GHG measurements. In this work, we analyzed the results provided by two automatic spike identification methods (i.e., the standard deviation of the background (SD) and the robust extraction of baseline signal (REBS)) for a 2-year dataset of 1 min in situ observations of CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO at 10 different atmospheric sites spanning different environmental conditions (remote, continental, urban).</p>
<p>The sensitivity of the spike detection frequency and its impact on the averaged mole fractions on method parameters was investigated. Results for both methods were compared and evaluated against manual identification by the site principal investigators (PIs).</p>
<p>The study showed that, for CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> and CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>, REBS identified a larger number of spikes than SD and it was less “site-sensitive” than SD. This led to a larger impact of REBS on the time-averaged values of the observed mole fractions for CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> and CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>. Further, it could be shown that it is challenging to identify one common algorithm/configuration for all the considered sites: method-dependent and setting-dependent differences in the spike detection were observed as a function of the sites, case studies and considered atmospheric species. Neither SD nor REBS appeared to provide a perfect identification of the spike events. The REBS tendency to over-detect the spike occurrence shows limitations when adopting REBS as an operational method to perform automatic spike detection. REBS should be used only for specific sites, mostly affected by frequent very nearby local emissions. SD appeared to be more selective in identifying spike events, and the temporal variabilities in CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO were more consistent with those of the original datasets.<span id="page5978"/> Further activities are needed for better consolidating the fitness for purpose of the two proposed methods and to compare them with other spike detection techniques.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T23:39:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-838a21b733974bbab8fd6dc66511c8c3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1867-1381 1867-8548 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T23:39:46Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| spelling | doaj.art-838a21b733974bbab8fd6dc66511c8c32023-12-14T05:19:52ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Measurement Techniques1867-13811867-85482023-12-01165977599410.5194/amt-16-5977-2023Identification of spikes in continuous ground-based in situ time series of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO: an extended experiment within the European ICOS Atmosphere networkP. Cristofanelli0C. Fratticioli1L. Hazan2M. Chariot3C. Couret4O. Gazetas5D. Kubistin6A. Laitinen7A. Leskinen8A. Leskinen9T. Laurila10M. Lindauer11G. Manca12M. Ramonet13P. Trisolino14M. Steinbacher15Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate – National Research Council of Italy, Bologna 40129, ItalyInstitute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate – National Research Council of Italy, Bologna 40129, ItalyLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Saint-Aubin, FranceLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Saint-Aubin, FranceGerman Environment Agency (UBA), 82475 Zugspitze, GermanyScottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Glasgow, G75 0QF, United KingdomHohenpeißenberg Meteorological Observatory, Deutscher Wetterdienst, 82383 Hohenpeißenberg, GermanyFinnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, FinlandFinnish Meteorological Institute, 70210 Kuopio, FinlandFinnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, FinlandHohenpeißenberg Meteorological Observatory, Deutscher Wetterdienst, 82383 Hohenpeißenberg, GermanyJoint Research Centre, Ispra 21027, ItalyLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Saint-Aubin, FranceInstitute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate – National Research Council of Italy, Bologna 40129, ItalySwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland<p>The identification of spikes (i.e., short and high variability in the measured signals due to very local emissions occurring in the proximity of a measurement site) is of interest when using continuous measurements of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) in different applications like the determination of long-term trends and/or spatial gradients, inversion experiments devoted to the top-down quantification of GHG surface–atmosphere fluxes, the characterization of local emissions, or the quality control of GHG measurements. In this work, we analyzed the results provided by two automatic spike identification methods (i.e., the standard deviation of the background (SD) and the robust extraction of baseline signal (REBS)) for a 2-year dataset of 1 min in situ observations of CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO at 10 different atmospheric sites spanning different environmental conditions (remote, continental, urban).</p> <p>The sensitivity of the spike detection frequency and its impact on the averaged mole fractions on method parameters was investigated. Results for both methods were compared and evaluated against manual identification by the site principal investigators (PIs).</p> <p>The study showed that, for CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> and CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>, REBS identified a larger number of spikes than SD and it was less “site-sensitive” than SD. This led to a larger impact of REBS on the time-averaged values of the observed mole fractions for CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> and CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>. Further, it could be shown that it is challenging to identify one common algorithm/configuration for all the considered sites: method-dependent and setting-dependent differences in the spike detection were observed as a function of the sites, case studies and considered atmospheric species. Neither SD nor REBS appeared to provide a perfect identification of the spike events. The REBS tendency to over-detect the spike occurrence shows limitations when adopting REBS as an operational method to perform automatic spike detection. REBS should be used only for specific sites, mostly affected by frequent very nearby local emissions. SD appeared to be more selective in identifying spike events, and the temporal variabilities in CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO were more consistent with those of the original datasets.<span id="page5978"/> Further activities are needed for better consolidating the fitness for purpose of the two proposed methods and to compare them with other spike detection techniques.</p>https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/16/5977/2023/amt-16-5977-2023.pdf |
| spellingShingle | P. Cristofanelli C. Fratticioli L. Hazan M. Chariot C. Couret O. Gazetas D. Kubistin A. Laitinen A. Leskinen A. Leskinen T. Laurila M. Lindauer G. Manca M. Ramonet P. Trisolino M. Steinbacher Identification of spikes in continuous ground-based in situ time series of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO: an extended experiment within the European ICOS Atmosphere network Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| title | Identification of spikes in continuous ground-based in situ time series of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO: an extended experiment within the European ICOS Atmosphere network |
| title_full | Identification of spikes in continuous ground-based in situ time series of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO: an extended experiment within the European ICOS Atmosphere network |
| title_fullStr | Identification of spikes in continuous ground-based in situ time series of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO: an extended experiment within the European ICOS Atmosphere network |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of spikes in continuous ground-based in situ time series of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO: an extended experiment within the European ICOS Atmosphere network |
| title_short | Identification of spikes in continuous ground-based in situ time series of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO: an extended experiment within the European ICOS Atmosphere network |
| title_sort | identification of spikes in continuous ground based in situ time series of co sub 2 sub ch sub 4 sub and co an extended experiment within the european icos atmosphere network |
| url | https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/16/5977/2023/amt-16-5977-2023.pdf |
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