| Summary: | Spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) provides a new opportunity for land observation. This study is the first to compare and evaluate the performance of the only two spaceborne GNSS-R satellite missions whose data are publicly available, i.e., the UK’s TechdemoSat-1 (TDS-1) and the US’s Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), for sensitivity analysis with SMAP SM on a daily basis and soil moisture (SM) estimates on a monthly basis over Mainland China. For daily sensitivity analysis, the two data were matched up and compared for the period (i.e., May 2017 through April 2018) when they coexisted (R = 0.561 vs. R = 0.613). For monthly SM estimates, a back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) was used to construct a model using data from more than two years. The model was subsequently used to derive long-term and continuous SM maps over Mainland China. The results showed that TDS-1 and CYGNSS agree and correlate very well with the SMAP SM in Mainland China (R = 0.676, MAE = 0.052 m<sup>3</sup>m<sup>−3</sup>, and ubRMSE = 0.060 m<sup>3</sup>m<sup>−3</sup> for TDS-1; R = 0.798, MAE = 0.040 m<sup>3</sup>m<sup>−3</sup>, and ubRMSE = 0.062 m<sup>3</sup>m<sup>−3</sup> for CYGNSS). The retrieved results were further validated using monthly in situ SM data from dense sites across Mainland China. It was found that the SM derived from the TDS-1/CYGNSS also correlated well with in situ SM (R = 0.687, MAE = 0.066 m<sup>3</sup>m<sup>−3</sup>, and ubRMSE = 0.056 m<sup>3</sup>m<sup>−3</sup> for TDS-1; R = 0.724, MAE = 0.052 m<sup>3</sup>m<sup>−3</sup>, and ubRMSE = 0.053 m<sup>3</sup>m<sup>−3</sup> for CYGNSS). The results in this study suggested that TDS-1/CYGNSS and the upcoming spaceborne GNSS-R mission could be new and powerful data sources to produce SM data set at a large scale and with relatively high precision.
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