The Influence of Carbon Black Colloidal Properties on the Parameters of the Kraus Model
The Payne Effect (also known as the Fletcher–Gent Effect) has a fundamental impact on the behavior of filled rubber composites and therefore must be considered during their design. This study investigates the influence of carbon black (CB) surface area and structure on the observed Payne Effect and...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/7/1675 |
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| author | Kirsty J. Rutherford Keizo Akutagawa Julien L. Ramier Lewis B. Tunnicliffe James J. C. Busfield |
| author_facet | Kirsty J. Rutherford Keizo Akutagawa Julien L. Ramier Lewis B. Tunnicliffe James J. C. Busfield |
| author_sort | Kirsty J. Rutherford |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Payne Effect (also known as the Fletcher–Gent Effect) has a fundamental impact on the behavior of filled rubber composites and therefore must be considered during their design. This study investigates the influence of carbon black (CB) surface area and structure on the observed Payne Effect and builds on the existing models of Kraus and Ulmer to explain this phenomenon. Dynamic strain sweeps were carried out on natural rubber (NR) compounds containing eight different grades of CB at equivalent volume fractions. The loss and storage moduli were modeled according to the Kraus and Ulmer equations, using a curve optimization tool in SciPy. Subsequent regression analysis provided strong correlations between the fitting parameters and the CB structure and surface area. Using this regression analysis, this work provides further insight into the physical meaning behind the Kraus and Ulmer models, which are phenomenological in nature. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:26:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8391ffcc81f7474b9e991dd17dcc06a0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:26:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-8391ffcc81f7474b9e991dd17dcc06a02023-11-17T17:25:53ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-03-01157167510.3390/polym15071675The Influence of Carbon Black Colloidal Properties on the Parameters of the Kraus ModelKirsty J. Rutherford0Keizo Akutagawa1Julien L. Ramier2Lewis B. Tunnicliffe3James J. C. Busfield4School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UKSchool of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UKSlb Cambridge Research, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UKBirla Carbon, Marietta, GA 30062, USASchool of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UKThe Payne Effect (also known as the Fletcher–Gent Effect) has a fundamental impact on the behavior of filled rubber composites and therefore must be considered during their design. This study investigates the influence of carbon black (CB) surface area and structure on the observed Payne Effect and builds on the existing models of Kraus and Ulmer to explain this phenomenon. Dynamic strain sweeps were carried out on natural rubber (NR) compounds containing eight different grades of CB at equivalent volume fractions. The loss and storage moduli were modeled according to the Kraus and Ulmer equations, using a curve optimization tool in SciPy. Subsequent regression analysis provided strong correlations between the fitting parameters and the CB structure and surface area. Using this regression analysis, this work provides further insight into the physical meaning behind the Kraus and Ulmer models, which are phenomenological in nature.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/7/1675carbon blackPayne Effectfletcher-gent effectKraus equationdynamic strainnatural rubber |
| spellingShingle | Kirsty J. Rutherford Keizo Akutagawa Julien L. Ramier Lewis B. Tunnicliffe James J. C. Busfield The Influence of Carbon Black Colloidal Properties on the Parameters of the Kraus Model Polymers carbon black Payne Effect fletcher-gent effect Kraus equation dynamic strain natural rubber |
| title | The Influence of Carbon Black Colloidal Properties on the Parameters of the Kraus Model |
| title_full | The Influence of Carbon Black Colloidal Properties on the Parameters of the Kraus Model |
| title_fullStr | The Influence of Carbon Black Colloidal Properties on the Parameters of the Kraus Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Influence of Carbon Black Colloidal Properties on the Parameters of the Kraus Model |
| title_short | The Influence of Carbon Black Colloidal Properties on the Parameters of the Kraus Model |
| title_sort | influence of carbon black colloidal properties on the parameters of the kraus model |
| topic | carbon black Payne Effect fletcher-gent effect Kraus equation dynamic strain natural rubber |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/7/1675 |
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