| Summary: | In desert ecosystems, arthropods such as scorpions are understudied, and sufficient information is still lacking regarding their biodiversity. Specimen collection was carried out over 24 months (2016–2017). This study assessed the phenology, abundance, richness and diversity of scorpion species in arid ecosystems of the Sahara desert of Algeria (Ghardaïa). It examined the potential influence of climate parameters (precipitation, temperature and wind) on activity density, diversity and the phenological distribution of the species among seasons. We identified eight Buthidae species: <i>Androctonus aeneas</i>, <i>Androctonus amoreuxi</i>, <i>Androctonus australis, Buthacus samiae</i>, <i>Buthacus spinatus</i>, <i>Buthacus elmenia</i>, <i>Buthus saharicus</i> and <i>Lissothus chaambi</i>. <i>Androctonus amoreuxi</i> and <i>Androctonus australis</i> were the most abundant and omnipresent species, comprising 54.41% and 33.82% of all species found, respectively. Shannon’s index and the evenness index demonstrated a very poor diversity of scorpions in this region and a poor balance between the number of sampled species. Seasonal variation and climate parameters, i.e., temperature and wind, influenced the number, distribution, and the diversity of scorpions. The number of species found in Ghardaïa Province represent more than 20% of the scorpion species reported in Algeria.
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