Three-Dimensional Printed Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) Nanocomposites with Significantly Enhanced Tensile, Flexural, and Impact Properties
The effect of aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) nanoparticles (NPs) as a reinforcing agent of Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic acid (PLA) in fused filament fabrication (FFF) three-dimensional printing (3DP) is reported herein for the first time. Alumina NPs are i...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-12-01
|
| Series: | Nanomaterials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/23/4292 |
| _version_ | 1797462525083648000 |
|---|---|
| author | Markos Petousis Nectarios Vidakis Nikolaos Mountakis Vassilis Papadakis Lazaros Tzounis |
| author_facet | Markos Petousis Nectarios Vidakis Nikolaos Mountakis Vassilis Papadakis Lazaros Tzounis |
| author_sort | Markos Petousis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The effect of aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) nanoparticles (NPs) as a reinforcing agent of Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic acid (PLA) in fused filament fabrication (FFF) three-dimensional printing (3DP) is reported herein for the first time. Alumina NPs are incorporated via a melt–mixing compounding process, at four different filler loadings. Neat as well as nanocomposite 3DP filaments are prepared as feedstock for the 3DP manufacturing of specimens which are thoroughly investigated for their mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) proved the nature of the materials. Their morphological characteristics were thoroughly investigated with scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs exhibited a positive reinforcement mechanism at all filler loadings, while the mechanical percolation threshold with the maximum increase of performance was found between 1.0–2.0 wt.% filler loading (1.0 wt.% for PA12, 41.1%, and 56.4% increase in strength and modulus, respectively; 2.0 wt.% for PLA, 40.2%, and 27.1% increase in strength and modulus, respectively). The combination of 3DP and polymer engineering using nanocomposite PA12 and PLA filaments with low-cost filler additives, e.g., Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs, could open new avenues towards a series of potential applications using thermoplastic engineering polymers in FFF 3DP manufacturing. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:37:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-83bb2cc474ed412dbf1efaa453976035 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:37:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-83bb2cc474ed412dbf1efaa4539760352023-11-24T11:48:35ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912022-12-011223429210.3390/nano12234292Three-Dimensional Printed Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) Nanocomposites with Significantly Enhanced Tensile, Flexural, and Impact PropertiesMarkos Petousis0Nectarios Vidakis1Nikolaos Mountakis2Vassilis Papadakis3Lazaros Tzounis4Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, GreeceMechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, GreeceMechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, GreeceInstitute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, GreeceMechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, GreeceThe effect of aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) nanoparticles (NPs) as a reinforcing agent of Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic acid (PLA) in fused filament fabrication (FFF) three-dimensional printing (3DP) is reported herein for the first time. Alumina NPs are incorporated via a melt–mixing compounding process, at four different filler loadings. Neat as well as nanocomposite 3DP filaments are prepared as feedstock for the 3DP manufacturing of specimens which are thoroughly investigated for their mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) proved the nature of the materials. Their morphological characteristics were thoroughly investigated with scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs exhibited a positive reinforcement mechanism at all filler loadings, while the mechanical percolation threshold with the maximum increase of performance was found between 1.0–2.0 wt.% filler loading (1.0 wt.% for PA12, 41.1%, and 56.4% increase in strength and modulus, respectively; 2.0 wt.% for PLA, 40.2%, and 27.1% increase in strength and modulus, respectively). The combination of 3DP and polymer engineering using nanocomposite PA12 and PLA filaments with low-cost filler additives, e.g., Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs, could open new avenues towards a series of potential applications using thermoplastic engineering polymers in FFF 3DP manufacturing.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/23/4292fused filament fabrication (FFF)3D printing (3DP)polymer nanocompositesnanoparticles (NPs)melt-processingPolyamide 12 (PA12) |
| spellingShingle | Markos Petousis Nectarios Vidakis Nikolaos Mountakis Vassilis Papadakis Lazaros Tzounis Three-Dimensional Printed Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) Nanocomposites with Significantly Enhanced Tensile, Flexural, and Impact Properties Nanomaterials fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing (3DP) polymer nanocomposites nanoparticles (NPs) melt-processing Polyamide 12 (PA12) |
| title | Three-Dimensional Printed Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) Nanocomposites with Significantly Enhanced Tensile, Flexural, and Impact Properties |
| title_full | Three-Dimensional Printed Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) Nanocomposites with Significantly Enhanced Tensile, Flexural, and Impact Properties |
| title_fullStr | Three-Dimensional Printed Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) Nanocomposites with Significantly Enhanced Tensile, Flexural, and Impact Properties |
| title_full_unstemmed | Three-Dimensional Printed Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) Nanocomposites with Significantly Enhanced Tensile, Flexural, and Impact Properties |
| title_short | Three-Dimensional Printed Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) Nanocomposites with Significantly Enhanced Tensile, Flexural, and Impact Properties |
| title_sort | three dimensional printed polyamide 12 pa12 and polylactic acid pla alumina al sub 2 sub o sub 3 sub nanocomposites with significantly enhanced tensile flexural and impact properties |
| topic | fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing (3DP) polymer nanocomposites nanoparticles (NPs) melt-processing Polyamide 12 (PA12) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/23/4292 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT markospetousis threedimensionalprintedpolyamide12pa12andpolylacticacidplaaluminaalsub2subosub3subnanocompositeswithsignificantlyenhancedtensileflexuralandimpactproperties AT nectariosvidakis threedimensionalprintedpolyamide12pa12andpolylacticacidplaaluminaalsub2subosub3subnanocompositeswithsignificantlyenhancedtensileflexuralandimpactproperties AT nikolaosmountakis threedimensionalprintedpolyamide12pa12andpolylacticacidplaaluminaalsub2subosub3subnanocompositeswithsignificantlyenhancedtensileflexuralandimpactproperties AT vassilispapadakis threedimensionalprintedpolyamide12pa12andpolylacticacidplaaluminaalsub2subosub3subnanocompositeswithsignificantlyenhancedtensileflexuralandimpactproperties AT lazarostzounis threedimensionalprintedpolyamide12pa12andpolylacticacidplaaluminaalsub2subosub3subnanocompositeswithsignificantlyenhancedtensileflexuralandimpactproperties |