Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for the Synthesis of Iron Heterogeneous Catalyst: Application to Sulfamethoxazole Degradation by Advanced Oxidation Processes
The development of novel approaches to the remotion of pharmaceuticals in wastewater is a subject of concern due to their effect on living beings and the environment. Advanced oxidation processes and the use of relevant catalysts are feasible treatment alternatives that require further development....
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Catalysts |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/13/4/679 |
| _version_ | 1797606001389600768 |
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| author | Antón Puga Emilio Rosales Marta Pazos María Angeles Sanromán |
| author_facet | Antón Puga Emilio Rosales Marta Pazos María Angeles Sanromán |
| author_sort | Antón Puga |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The development of novel approaches to the remotion of pharmaceuticals in wastewater is a subject of concern due to their effect on living beings and the environment. Advanced oxidation processes and the use of relevant catalysts are feasible treatment alternatives that require further development. The development of suitable heterogeneous catalysts is a necessity. This work proposes the synthesis of an iron catalyst in a deep eutectic solvent (Fe-DES) composed of choline chloride and citric acid, which was physically and chemically characterized using SEM-EDS and TEM, FTIR, RAMAN, XRD and XPS. The characterisation confirmed the presence of iron in the form of hematite. Fe-DES was shown to be a multipurpose catalyst that can be applied in the removal of sulfamethoxazole as a reagent in the Fenton and electro-Fenton processes and as an activator of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) processes. After testing the catalyst with the aforementioned techniques, the best result was achieved by combining these processes in an electro-PMS, with great efficiency achieved by dual activation of the PMS with the catalyst and electric field, attaining total elimination at natural pH in 90 min. Furthermore, the degradation was confirmed by the detection of short-chain carboxylic acids (oxalic, succinic, and acetic) and reduction in toxicity values. These results confirm the suitability of Fe-DES to degrade high-priority pharmaceutical compounds. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:09:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-83c358c67525488db5cf5856a9d97fd1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4344 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:09:10Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Catalysts |
| spelling | doaj.art-83c358c67525488db5cf5856a9d97fd12023-11-17T18:41:03ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442023-03-0113467910.3390/catal13040679Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for the Synthesis of Iron Heterogeneous Catalyst: Application to Sulfamethoxazole Degradation by Advanced Oxidation ProcessesAntón Puga0Emilio Rosales1Marta Pazos2María Angeles Sanromán3Grupo de Bioingeniería y Procesos Sostenibles, CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, SpainGrupo de Bioingeniería y Procesos Sostenibles, CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, SpainGrupo de Bioingeniería y Procesos Sostenibles, CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, SpainGrupo de Bioingeniería y Procesos Sostenibles, CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, SpainThe development of novel approaches to the remotion of pharmaceuticals in wastewater is a subject of concern due to their effect on living beings and the environment. Advanced oxidation processes and the use of relevant catalysts are feasible treatment alternatives that require further development. The development of suitable heterogeneous catalysts is a necessity. This work proposes the synthesis of an iron catalyst in a deep eutectic solvent (Fe-DES) composed of choline chloride and citric acid, which was physically and chemically characterized using SEM-EDS and TEM, FTIR, RAMAN, XRD and XPS. The characterisation confirmed the presence of iron in the form of hematite. Fe-DES was shown to be a multipurpose catalyst that can be applied in the removal of sulfamethoxazole as a reagent in the Fenton and electro-Fenton processes and as an activator of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) processes. After testing the catalyst with the aforementioned techniques, the best result was achieved by combining these processes in an electro-PMS, with great efficiency achieved by dual activation of the PMS with the catalyst and electric field, attaining total elimination at natural pH in 90 min. Furthermore, the degradation was confirmed by the detection of short-chain carboxylic acids (oxalic, succinic, and acetic) and reduction in toxicity values. These results confirm the suitability of Fe-DES to degrade high-priority pharmaceutical compounds.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/13/4/679sulfamethoxazoleDES-based catalystPLA electrodeshydroxyl radicalsulfate radical |
| spellingShingle | Antón Puga Emilio Rosales Marta Pazos María Angeles Sanromán Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for the Synthesis of Iron Heterogeneous Catalyst: Application to Sulfamethoxazole Degradation by Advanced Oxidation Processes Catalysts sulfamethoxazole DES-based catalyst PLA electrodes hydroxyl radical sulfate radical |
| title | Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for the Synthesis of Iron Heterogeneous Catalyst: Application to Sulfamethoxazole Degradation by Advanced Oxidation Processes |
| title_full | Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for the Synthesis of Iron Heterogeneous Catalyst: Application to Sulfamethoxazole Degradation by Advanced Oxidation Processes |
| title_fullStr | Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for the Synthesis of Iron Heterogeneous Catalyst: Application to Sulfamethoxazole Degradation by Advanced Oxidation Processes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for the Synthesis of Iron Heterogeneous Catalyst: Application to Sulfamethoxazole Degradation by Advanced Oxidation Processes |
| title_short | Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for the Synthesis of Iron Heterogeneous Catalyst: Application to Sulfamethoxazole Degradation by Advanced Oxidation Processes |
| title_sort | application of deep eutectic solvents des for the synthesis of iron heterogeneous catalyst application to sulfamethoxazole degradation by advanced oxidation processes |
| topic | sulfamethoxazole DES-based catalyst PLA electrodes hydroxyl radical sulfate radical |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/13/4/679 |
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