Anti-NMDAR antibodies, the blood–brain barrier, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is an antibody-related autoimmune encephalitis. It is characterized by the existence of antibodies against NMDAR, mainly against the GluN1 subunit, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recent research suggests that anti-NMDAR antibodies may reduc...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neurology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2023.1283511/full |
| _version_ | 1827591973389729792 |
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| author | Xiarong Gong Xiarong Gong Niya Wang Hongyan Zhu Ning Tang Kunhua Wu Qiang Meng |
| author_facet | Xiarong Gong Xiarong Gong Niya Wang Hongyan Zhu Ning Tang Kunhua Wu Qiang Meng |
| author_sort | Xiarong Gong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is an antibody-related autoimmune encephalitis. It is characterized by the existence of antibodies against NMDAR, mainly against the GluN1 subunit, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recent research suggests that anti-NMDAR antibodies may reduce NMDAR levels in this disorder, compromising synaptic activity in the hippocampus. Although anti-NMDAR antibodies are used as diagnostic indicators, the origin of antibodies in the central nervous system (CNS) is unclear. The blood–brain barrier (BBB), which separates the brain from the peripheral circulatory system, is crucial for antibodies and immune cells to enter or exit the CNS. The findings of cytokines in this disorder support the involvement of the BBB. Here, we aim to review the function of NMDARs and the relationship between anti-NMDAR antibodies and anti-NMDAR encephalitis. We summarize the present knowledge of the composition of the BBB, especially by emphasizing the role of BBB components. Finally, we further provide a discussion on the impact of BBB dysfunction in anti-NMDAR encephalitis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:40:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-83cea658cbf44a3c963190fa77a1ea15 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2295 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:40:13Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Neurology |
| spelling | doaj.art-83cea658cbf44a3c963190fa77a1ea152023-12-08T16:00:28ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952023-12-011410.3389/fneur.2023.12835111283511Anti-NMDAR antibodies, the blood–brain barrier, and anti-NMDAR encephalitisXiarong Gong0Xiarong Gong1Niya Wang2Hongyan Zhu3Ning Tang4Kunhua Wu5Qiang Meng6Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, ChinaDepartment of MR, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaDepartment of MR, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaAnti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is an antibody-related autoimmune encephalitis. It is characterized by the existence of antibodies against NMDAR, mainly against the GluN1 subunit, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recent research suggests that anti-NMDAR antibodies may reduce NMDAR levels in this disorder, compromising synaptic activity in the hippocampus. Although anti-NMDAR antibodies are used as diagnostic indicators, the origin of antibodies in the central nervous system (CNS) is unclear. The blood–brain barrier (BBB), which separates the brain from the peripheral circulatory system, is crucial for antibodies and immune cells to enter or exit the CNS. The findings of cytokines in this disorder support the involvement of the BBB. Here, we aim to review the function of NMDARs and the relationship between anti-NMDAR antibodies and anti-NMDAR encephalitis. We summarize the present knowledge of the composition of the BBB, especially by emphasizing the role of BBB components. Finally, we further provide a discussion on the impact of BBB dysfunction in anti-NMDAR encephalitis.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2023.1283511/fullanti-NMDAR encephalitisblood–brain barrierneurovascular unitNMDAR receptorautoimmune disorder |
| spellingShingle | Xiarong Gong Xiarong Gong Niya Wang Hongyan Zhu Ning Tang Kunhua Wu Qiang Meng Anti-NMDAR antibodies, the blood–brain barrier, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis Frontiers in Neurology anti-NMDAR encephalitis blood–brain barrier neurovascular unit NMDAR receptor autoimmune disorder |
| title | Anti-NMDAR antibodies, the blood–brain barrier, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis |
| title_full | Anti-NMDAR antibodies, the blood–brain barrier, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis |
| title_fullStr | Anti-NMDAR antibodies, the blood–brain barrier, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-NMDAR antibodies, the blood–brain barrier, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis |
| title_short | Anti-NMDAR antibodies, the blood–brain barrier, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis |
| title_sort | anti nmdar antibodies the blood brain barrier and anti nmdar encephalitis |
| topic | anti-NMDAR encephalitis blood–brain barrier neurovascular unit NMDAR receptor autoimmune disorder |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2023.1283511/full |
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