Effects of substituting soybean meal with corn on immune function and gene expression of gut TLR4 pathway of growing goats
Background Protein malnutrition remains a severe problem in ruminant production and can increase susceptibility to infection, especially during the growth stage. This study aimed to explore substituting soybean meal with corn on activation of the TLR pathway and potential impact on immune response b...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
PeerJ Inc.
2022-02-01
|
| Series: | PeerJ |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://peerj.com/articles/12910.pdf |
| _version_ | 1797418468027400192 |
|---|---|
| author | Yan Cheng Chao Yang Wenxun Chen Qiongxian Yan Zhiliang Tan Zhixiong He |
| author_facet | Yan Cheng Chao Yang Wenxun Chen Qiongxian Yan Zhiliang Tan Zhixiong He |
| author_sort | Yan Cheng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background Protein malnutrition remains a severe problem in ruminant production and can increase susceptibility to infection, especially during the growth stage. This study aimed to explore substituting soybean meal with corn on activation of the TLR pathway and potential impact on immune response bias towards Type 1 or Type 2 using growing female goats as experimental animals. Methods Twenty-four Xiangdong black goats (initial BW = 19.83 ± 0.53 kg, about 8 ± 0.3 months old) were selected and randomly divided into the corn-soybean meal basal diet group (CON, 10.77% protein) and replacing soybean meal with 100% of corn group (CRS, 5.52% protein). EDTA whole blood and serum samples were collected prior to slaughter for determinations of blood cell counts, anti-inflammatory cytokines and antibodies. The duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon tissues were collected after formal trial to study the effect of CRS diet on the expression of TLR4 pathway. Results Our results showed CRS diet did not induce a significant change in immune function, as evidenced by the observations that white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (Neu), lymphocyte (Lym), monocyte (Mon), eosinophil (Eos), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-13, immunoglobin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM levels in serum were similar between the two groups. RT-PCR results showed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (P < 0.01) and interferon-β (IFN-β) (P < 0.01) were up-regulated in the colon of goats in the CRS group. No differences in the expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) adaptor-like protein (TIRAP), IL-1 receptor–associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), TNF receptor related factor 6 (TRAF6), NF-kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) or activator protein-1 (AP-1) in the TLR4/MyD88 dependent pathway were observed between the two groups for any of the tested tissue. However, the expression of NF-κB activator (TANK) binding kinase 1 (TBK1) in TLR4/MyD88 independent pathway was up-regulated in the duodenum and colon (P < 0.01), and the expression of interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3) was up-regulated (P < 0.01) in colon. Conclusions Our results suggested that the CRS diet failed to induce a significant change in innate immunity and adaptive immunity in growing goats. However, the up-regulated TBK1 and IRF3 in the colon from the CRS goats suggests that the CRS diet may induce the expression of Th1-type proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory response through a TLR4-MyD88-independent pathway, and the colon may be the easiest targeted section in the intestinal tract. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:33:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-83fc7dc54e4a416faf9a3a1d68c3b332 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2167-8359 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:33:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | PeerJ Inc. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PeerJ |
| spelling | doaj.art-83fc7dc54e4a416faf9a3a1d68c3b3322023-12-03T11:01:49ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592022-02-0110e1291010.7717/peerj.12910Effects of substituting soybean meal with corn on immune function and gene expression of gut TLR4 pathway of growing goatsYan Cheng0Chao Yang1Wenxun Chen2Qiongxian Yan3Zhiliang Tan4Zhixiong He5CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaBackground Protein malnutrition remains a severe problem in ruminant production and can increase susceptibility to infection, especially during the growth stage. This study aimed to explore substituting soybean meal with corn on activation of the TLR pathway and potential impact on immune response bias towards Type 1 or Type 2 using growing female goats as experimental animals. Methods Twenty-four Xiangdong black goats (initial BW = 19.83 ± 0.53 kg, about 8 ± 0.3 months old) were selected and randomly divided into the corn-soybean meal basal diet group (CON, 10.77% protein) and replacing soybean meal with 100% of corn group (CRS, 5.52% protein). EDTA whole blood and serum samples were collected prior to slaughter for determinations of blood cell counts, anti-inflammatory cytokines and antibodies. The duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon tissues were collected after formal trial to study the effect of CRS diet on the expression of TLR4 pathway. Results Our results showed CRS diet did not induce a significant change in immune function, as evidenced by the observations that white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (Neu), lymphocyte (Lym), monocyte (Mon), eosinophil (Eos), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-13, immunoglobin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM levels in serum were similar between the two groups. RT-PCR results showed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (P < 0.01) and interferon-β (IFN-β) (P < 0.01) were up-regulated in the colon of goats in the CRS group. No differences in the expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) adaptor-like protein (TIRAP), IL-1 receptor–associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), TNF receptor related factor 6 (TRAF6), NF-kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) or activator protein-1 (AP-1) in the TLR4/MyD88 dependent pathway were observed between the two groups for any of the tested tissue. However, the expression of NF-κB activator (TANK) binding kinase 1 (TBK1) in TLR4/MyD88 independent pathway was up-regulated in the duodenum and colon (P < 0.01), and the expression of interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3) was up-regulated (P < 0.01) in colon. Conclusions Our results suggested that the CRS diet failed to induce a significant change in innate immunity and adaptive immunity in growing goats. However, the up-regulated TBK1 and IRF3 in the colon from the CRS goats suggests that the CRS diet may induce the expression of Th1-type proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory response through a TLR4-MyD88-independent pathway, and the colon may be the easiest targeted section in the intestinal tract.https://peerj.com/articles/12910.pdfProteinImmune functionTLR4 pathwayGutGrowing goats |
| spellingShingle | Yan Cheng Chao Yang Wenxun Chen Qiongxian Yan Zhiliang Tan Zhixiong He Effects of substituting soybean meal with corn on immune function and gene expression of gut TLR4 pathway of growing goats PeerJ Protein Immune function TLR4 pathway Gut Growing goats |
| title | Effects of substituting soybean meal with corn on immune function and gene expression of gut TLR4 pathway of growing goats |
| title_full | Effects of substituting soybean meal with corn on immune function and gene expression of gut TLR4 pathway of growing goats |
| title_fullStr | Effects of substituting soybean meal with corn on immune function and gene expression of gut TLR4 pathway of growing goats |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of substituting soybean meal with corn on immune function and gene expression of gut TLR4 pathway of growing goats |
| title_short | Effects of substituting soybean meal with corn on immune function and gene expression of gut TLR4 pathway of growing goats |
| title_sort | effects of substituting soybean meal with corn on immune function and gene expression of gut tlr4 pathway of growing goats |
| topic | Protein Immune function TLR4 pathway Gut Growing goats |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/12910.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yancheng effectsofsubstitutingsoybeanmealwithcornonimmunefunctionandgeneexpressionofguttlr4pathwayofgrowinggoats AT chaoyang effectsofsubstitutingsoybeanmealwithcornonimmunefunctionandgeneexpressionofguttlr4pathwayofgrowinggoats AT wenxunchen effectsofsubstitutingsoybeanmealwithcornonimmunefunctionandgeneexpressionofguttlr4pathwayofgrowinggoats AT qiongxianyan effectsofsubstitutingsoybeanmealwithcornonimmunefunctionandgeneexpressionofguttlr4pathwayofgrowinggoats AT zhiliangtan effectsofsubstitutingsoybeanmealwithcornonimmunefunctionandgeneexpressionofguttlr4pathwayofgrowinggoats AT zhixionghe effectsofsubstitutingsoybeanmealwithcornonimmunefunctionandgeneexpressionofguttlr4pathwayofgrowinggoats |