Diversity and evolutionary genetics of the three major Plasmodium vivax merozoite genes participating in reticulocyte invasion in southern Mexico

Abstract Background Reported malaria cases in the Americas had been reduced to about one-half million by 2012. To advance towards elimination of this disease, it is necessary to gain insights into how the malaria parasite is evolving, including the emergence, spread and persistence of new haplotypes...

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Main Authors: Lilia González-Cerón, Rene Cerritos, Jordán Corzo-Mancilla, Frida Santillán
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2015-12-01
Series:Parasites & Vectors
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1266-7
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author Lilia González-Cerón
Rene Cerritos
Jordán Corzo-Mancilla
Frida Santillán
author_facet Lilia González-Cerón
Rene Cerritos
Jordán Corzo-Mancilla
Frida Santillán
author_sort Lilia González-Cerón
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Reported malaria cases in the Americas had been reduced to about one-half million by 2012. To advance towards elimination of this disease, it is necessary to gain insights into how the malaria parasite is evolving, including the emergence, spread and persistence of new haplotypes in affected regions. In here, the genetic diversity of the three major P. vivax merozoite genes was analyzed. Methods From P. vivax-infected blood samples obtained in southern Mexico (SMX) during 2006–2007, nucleotide sequences were achieved for: the 42 kDa carboxyl fragment of the merozoite surface protein-1 (msp1 42 ), domains I-II of the apical membrane antigen-1 (ama1 I-II ), and domain II of the Duffy binding protein (dbp II ). Gene polymorphism was examined and haplotype networks were developed to depict parasite relationships in SMX. Then genetic diversity, recombination and natural selection were analyzed and the degree of differentiation was determined as FST values. Results The diversity of P. vivax merozoite genes in SMX was less than that of parasites from other geographic origins, with dbp II  < ama1 I-II  < msp1 42 . Ama1 I-II and msp1 42 exposed the more numerous haplotypes exclusive to SMX. While, all dbp II haplotypes from SMX were separated from one to three mutational steps, the networks of ama1 I-II and msp1 42 were more complex; loops and numerous mutational steps were evidenced, likely due to recombination. Sings of local diversification were more evident for msp1 42 . Sixteen combined haplotypes were determined; one of these haplotypes not detected in 2006 was highly frequent in 2007. The Rm value was higher for msp1 42 than for ama1 I-II, being insignificant for dbp II . The dN-dS value was highly significant for ama1 I-II and lesser so for dbp II . The F ST values were higher for dbp II than msp1 42 , and very low for ama1 I-II . Conclusions In SMX, P. vivax ama1 I-II , dbp II and msp1 42 demonstrated limited diversity, and exhibited a differentiated parasite population. The results suggest that differential intensities of selective forces are operating on these gene fragments, and probably related to their timing, length of exposure and function during reticulocyte adhesion and invasion. Therefore, these finding are essential for mono and multivalent vaccine development and for epidemiological surveillance.
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spelling doaj.art-841eb6b6949543b988f9e686c842ac252023-06-04T11:14:53ZengBMCParasites & Vectors1756-33052015-12-018111310.1186/s13071-015-1266-7Diversity and evolutionary genetics of the three major Plasmodium vivax merozoite genes participating in reticulocyte invasion in southern MexicoLilia González-Cerón0Rene Cerritos1Jordán Corzo-Mancilla2Frida Santillán3Regional Centre for Research in Public Health, National Institute for Public HealthDepartamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoRegional Centre for Research in Public Health, National Institute for Public HealthRegional Centre for Research in Public Health, National Institute for Public HealthAbstract Background Reported malaria cases in the Americas had been reduced to about one-half million by 2012. To advance towards elimination of this disease, it is necessary to gain insights into how the malaria parasite is evolving, including the emergence, spread and persistence of new haplotypes in affected regions. In here, the genetic diversity of the three major P. vivax merozoite genes was analyzed. Methods From P. vivax-infected blood samples obtained in southern Mexico (SMX) during 2006–2007, nucleotide sequences were achieved for: the 42 kDa carboxyl fragment of the merozoite surface protein-1 (msp1 42 ), domains I-II of the apical membrane antigen-1 (ama1 I-II ), and domain II of the Duffy binding protein (dbp II ). Gene polymorphism was examined and haplotype networks were developed to depict parasite relationships in SMX. Then genetic diversity, recombination and natural selection were analyzed and the degree of differentiation was determined as FST values. Results The diversity of P. vivax merozoite genes in SMX was less than that of parasites from other geographic origins, with dbp II  < ama1 I-II  < msp1 42 . Ama1 I-II and msp1 42 exposed the more numerous haplotypes exclusive to SMX. While, all dbp II haplotypes from SMX were separated from one to three mutational steps, the networks of ama1 I-II and msp1 42 were more complex; loops and numerous mutational steps were evidenced, likely due to recombination. Sings of local diversification were more evident for msp1 42 . Sixteen combined haplotypes were determined; one of these haplotypes not detected in 2006 was highly frequent in 2007. The Rm value was higher for msp1 42 than for ama1 I-II, being insignificant for dbp II . The dN-dS value was highly significant for ama1 I-II and lesser so for dbp II . The F ST values were higher for dbp II than msp1 42 , and very low for ama1 I-II . Conclusions In SMX, P. vivax ama1 I-II , dbp II and msp1 42 demonstrated limited diversity, and exhibited a differentiated parasite population. The results suggest that differential intensities of selective forces are operating on these gene fragments, and probably related to their timing, length of exposure and function during reticulocyte adhesion and invasion. Therefore, these finding are essential for mono and multivalent vaccine development and for epidemiological surveillance.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1266-7Plasmodium vivaxsouthern MexicoMerozoiteMerozoite surface protein 1MSP142Apical membrane antigen 1
spellingShingle Lilia González-Cerón
Rene Cerritos
Jordán Corzo-Mancilla
Frida Santillán
Diversity and evolutionary genetics of the three major Plasmodium vivax merozoite genes participating in reticulocyte invasion in southern Mexico
Parasites & Vectors
Plasmodium vivax
southern Mexico
Merozoite
Merozoite surface protein 1
MSP142
Apical membrane antigen 1
title Diversity and evolutionary genetics of the three major Plasmodium vivax merozoite genes participating in reticulocyte invasion in southern Mexico
title_full Diversity and evolutionary genetics of the three major Plasmodium vivax merozoite genes participating in reticulocyte invasion in southern Mexico
title_fullStr Diversity and evolutionary genetics of the three major Plasmodium vivax merozoite genes participating in reticulocyte invasion in southern Mexico
title_full_unstemmed Diversity and evolutionary genetics of the three major Plasmodium vivax merozoite genes participating in reticulocyte invasion in southern Mexico
title_short Diversity and evolutionary genetics of the three major Plasmodium vivax merozoite genes participating in reticulocyte invasion in southern Mexico
title_sort diversity and evolutionary genetics of the three major plasmodium vivax merozoite genes participating in reticulocyte invasion in southern mexico
topic Plasmodium vivax
southern Mexico
Merozoite
Merozoite surface protein 1
MSP142
Apical membrane antigen 1
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1266-7
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