Mortality in Women across the <i>FMR1</i> CGG Repeat Range: The Neuroprotective Effect of Higher Education
Higher education has been shown to have neuroprotective effects, reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, slowing the rate of age-related cognitive decline, and is associated with lower rates of early mortality. In the present study, the association between higher education, fragil...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/17/2137 |
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| author | Jinkuk Hong Robert S. Dembo Leann Smith DaWalt Mei Wang Baker Elizabeth Berry-Kravis Marsha R. Mailick |
| author_facet | Jinkuk Hong Robert S. Dembo Leann Smith DaWalt Mei Wang Baker Elizabeth Berry-Kravis Marsha R. Mailick |
| author_sort | Jinkuk Hong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Higher education has been shown to have neuroprotective effects, reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, slowing the rate of age-related cognitive decline, and is associated with lower rates of early mortality. In the present study, the association between higher education, fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (<i>FMR1</i>) cytosine–guanine–guanine (CGG) repeat number, and mortality before life expectancy was investigated in a population cohort of women born in 1939. The findings revealed a significant interaction between years of higher education and CGG repeat number. Counter to the study’s hypothesis, the effects of higher education became more pronounced as the number of CGG repeats increased. There was no effect of years of higher education on early mortality for women who had 25 repeats, while each year of higher education decreased the hazard of early mortality by 8% for women who had 30 repeats. For women with 41 repeats, the hazard was decreased by 14% for each additional year of higher education. The interaction remained significant after controlling for IQ and family socioeconomic status (SES) measured during high school, as well as factors measured during adulthood (family, psychosocial, health, and financial factors). The results are interpreted in the context of differential sensitivity to the environment, a conceptualization that posits that some people are more reactive to both negative and positive environmental conditions. Expansions in CGG repeats have been shown in previous <i>FMR1</i> research to manifest such a differential sensitivity pattern. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:25:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-84212b94c74b4edfaaa220fa90e0ce1d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:25:50Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-84212b94c74b4edfaaa220fa90e0ce1d2023-11-19T07:57:46ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092023-08-011217213710.3390/cells12172137Mortality in Women across the <i>FMR1</i> CGG Repeat Range: The Neuroprotective Effect of Higher EducationJinkuk Hong0Robert S. Dembo1Leann Smith DaWalt2Mei Wang Baker3Elizabeth Berry-Kravis4Marsha R. Mailick5Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USAWaisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USAWaisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USADepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USAWaisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USAHigher education has been shown to have neuroprotective effects, reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, slowing the rate of age-related cognitive decline, and is associated with lower rates of early mortality. In the present study, the association between higher education, fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (<i>FMR1</i>) cytosine–guanine–guanine (CGG) repeat number, and mortality before life expectancy was investigated in a population cohort of women born in 1939. The findings revealed a significant interaction between years of higher education and CGG repeat number. Counter to the study’s hypothesis, the effects of higher education became more pronounced as the number of CGG repeats increased. There was no effect of years of higher education on early mortality for women who had 25 repeats, while each year of higher education decreased the hazard of early mortality by 8% for women who had 30 repeats. For women with 41 repeats, the hazard was decreased by 14% for each additional year of higher education. The interaction remained significant after controlling for IQ and family socioeconomic status (SES) measured during high school, as well as factors measured during adulthood (family, psychosocial, health, and financial factors). The results are interpreted in the context of differential sensitivity to the environment, a conceptualization that posits that some people are more reactive to both negative and positive environmental conditions. Expansions in CGG repeats have been shown in previous <i>FMR1</i> research to manifest such a differential sensitivity pattern.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/17/2137<i>FMR1</i> CGG repeatsmortalityhigher educationdifferential sensitivity |
| spellingShingle | Jinkuk Hong Robert S. Dembo Leann Smith DaWalt Mei Wang Baker Elizabeth Berry-Kravis Marsha R. Mailick Mortality in Women across the <i>FMR1</i> CGG Repeat Range: The Neuroprotective Effect of Higher Education Cells <i>FMR1</i> CGG repeats mortality higher education differential sensitivity |
| title | Mortality in Women across the <i>FMR1</i> CGG Repeat Range: The Neuroprotective Effect of Higher Education |
| title_full | Mortality in Women across the <i>FMR1</i> CGG Repeat Range: The Neuroprotective Effect of Higher Education |
| title_fullStr | Mortality in Women across the <i>FMR1</i> CGG Repeat Range: The Neuroprotective Effect of Higher Education |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mortality in Women across the <i>FMR1</i> CGG Repeat Range: The Neuroprotective Effect of Higher Education |
| title_short | Mortality in Women across the <i>FMR1</i> CGG Repeat Range: The Neuroprotective Effect of Higher Education |
| title_sort | mortality in women across the i fmr1 i cgg repeat range the neuroprotective effect of higher education |
| topic | <i>FMR1</i> CGG repeats mortality higher education differential sensitivity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/17/2137 |
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