Neuromodulators and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in Learning and Memory: A Steered-Glutamatergic Perspective
The molecular pathways underlying the induction and maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity have been extensively investigated revealing various mechanisms by which neurons control their synaptic strength. The dynamic nature of neuronal connections combined with plasticity-mediated long-lasting...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-10-01
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| Series: | Brain Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/9/11/300 |
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| author | Amjad H. Bazzari H. Rheinallt Parri |
| author_facet | Amjad H. Bazzari H. Rheinallt Parri |
| author_sort | Amjad H. Bazzari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The molecular pathways underlying the induction and maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity have been extensively investigated revealing various mechanisms by which neurons control their synaptic strength. The dynamic nature of neuronal connections combined with plasticity-mediated long-lasting structural and functional alterations provide valuable insights into neuronal encoding processes as molecular substrates of not only learning and memory but potentially other sensory, motor and behavioural functions that reflect previous experience. However, one key element receiving little attention in the study of synaptic plasticity is the role of neuromodulators, which are known to orchestrate neuronal activity on brain-wide, network and synaptic scales. We aim to review current evidence on the mechanisms by which certain modulators, namely dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline and serotonin, control synaptic plasticity induction through corresponding metabotropic receptors in a pathway-specific manner. Lastly, we propose that neuromodulators control plasticity outcomes through steering glutamatergic transmission, thereby gating its induction and maintenance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T23:58:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-844fd73bf9f94112bf46ac4cfd7a1d66 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T23:58:38Z |
| publishDate | 2019-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-844fd73bf9f94112bf46ac4cfd7a1d662022-12-21T23:26:27ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252019-10-0191130010.3390/brainsci9110300brainsci9110300Neuromodulators and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in Learning and Memory: A Steered-Glutamatergic PerspectiveAmjad H. Bazzari0H. Rheinallt Parri1School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UKSchool of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UKThe molecular pathways underlying the induction and maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity have been extensively investigated revealing various mechanisms by which neurons control their synaptic strength. The dynamic nature of neuronal connections combined with plasticity-mediated long-lasting structural and functional alterations provide valuable insights into neuronal encoding processes as molecular substrates of not only learning and memory but potentially other sensory, motor and behavioural functions that reflect previous experience. However, one key element receiving little attention in the study of synaptic plasticity is the role of neuromodulators, which are known to orchestrate neuronal activity on brain-wide, network and synaptic scales. We aim to review current evidence on the mechanisms by which certain modulators, namely dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline and serotonin, control synaptic plasticity induction through corresponding metabotropic receptors in a pathway-specific manner. Lastly, we propose that neuromodulators control plasticity outcomes through steering glutamatergic transmission, thereby gating its induction and maintenance.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/9/11/300neuromodulatorssynaptic plasticitylearningmemoryltpltdgpcrastrocytes |
| spellingShingle | Amjad H. Bazzari H. Rheinallt Parri Neuromodulators and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in Learning and Memory: A Steered-Glutamatergic Perspective Brain Sciences neuromodulators synaptic plasticity learning memory ltp ltd gpcr astrocytes |
| title | Neuromodulators and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in Learning and Memory: A Steered-Glutamatergic Perspective |
| title_full | Neuromodulators and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in Learning and Memory: A Steered-Glutamatergic Perspective |
| title_fullStr | Neuromodulators and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in Learning and Memory: A Steered-Glutamatergic Perspective |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neuromodulators and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in Learning and Memory: A Steered-Glutamatergic Perspective |
| title_short | Neuromodulators and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in Learning and Memory: A Steered-Glutamatergic Perspective |
| title_sort | neuromodulators and long term synaptic plasticity in learning and memory a steered glutamatergic perspective |
| topic | neuromodulators synaptic plasticity learning memory ltp ltd gpcr astrocytes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/9/11/300 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT amjadhbazzari neuromodulatorsandlongtermsynapticplasticityinlearningandmemoryasteeredglutamatergicperspective AT hrheinalltparri neuromodulatorsandlongtermsynapticplasticityinlearningandmemoryasteeredglutamatergicperspective |