Evaluating Spatiotemporal Variations of Groundwater Quality in Northeast Beijing by Self-Organizing Map
As one of the globally largest cities suffering from severe water shortage, Beijing is highly dependent on groundwater supply. Located northeast of Beijing, the Pinggu district is an important emergency-groundwater-supply source. This area developed rapidly under the strategy of the integrated devel...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-05-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/5/1382 |
| _version_ | 1797568107091329024 |
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| author | Jia Li Zheming Shi Guangcai Wang Fei Liu |
| author_facet | Jia Li Zheming Shi Guangcai Wang Fei Liu |
| author_sort | Jia Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As one of the globally largest cities suffering from severe water shortage, Beijing is highly dependent on groundwater supply. Located northeast of Beijing, the Pinggu district is an important emergency-groundwater-supply source. This area developed rapidly under the strategy of the integrated development of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in recent years. It is now important to evaluate the spatiotemporal variations in groundwater quality. This study analyzed groundwater-chemical-monitoring data from the periods 2014 and 2017. Hydrogeochemical analysis showed that groundwater is affected by calcite, dolomite, and silicate weathering. Self-organizing map (SOM) was used to cluster sample sites and identify possible sources of groundwater contamination. Sample sites were grouped into four clusters that explained the different pollution sources: sources of industrial and agricultural activities (Cluster I), landfill sources (Cluster II), domestic-sewage-discharge sources (Cluster III), and groundwater in Cluster IV was less affected by anthropogenic activities. Compared to 2014, concentrations of pollution indicators such as Cl<sup>−</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> increased, and the area of groundwater affected by domestic sewage discharge increased in 2017. Therefore, action should be taken in order to prevent the continuous deterioration of groundwater quality. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:51:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-84600d034e51451f85bde7ce630b9721 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:51:40Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-84600d034e51451f85bde7ce630b97212023-11-20T00:18:24ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-05-01125138210.3390/w12051382Evaluating Spatiotemporal Variations of Groundwater Quality in Northeast Beijing by Self-Organizing MapJia Li0Zheming Shi1Guangcai Wang2Fei Liu3MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, ChinaAs one of the globally largest cities suffering from severe water shortage, Beijing is highly dependent on groundwater supply. Located northeast of Beijing, the Pinggu district is an important emergency-groundwater-supply source. This area developed rapidly under the strategy of the integrated development of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in recent years. It is now important to evaluate the spatiotemporal variations in groundwater quality. This study analyzed groundwater-chemical-monitoring data from the periods 2014 and 2017. Hydrogeochemical analysis showed that groundwater is affected by calcite, dolomite, and silicate weathering. Self-organizing map (SOM) was used to cluster sample sites and identify possible sources of groundwater contamination. Sample sites were grouped into four clusters that explained the different pollution sources: sources of industrial and agricultural activities (Cluster I), landfill sources (Cluster II), domestic-sewage-discharge sources (Cluster III), and groundwater in Cluster IV was less affected by anthropogenic activities. Compared to 2014, concentrations of pollution indicators such as Cl<sup>−</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> increased, and the area of groundwater affected by domestic sewage discharge increased in 2017. Therefore, action should be taken in order to prevent the continuous deterioration of groundwater quality.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/5/1382hydrochemical characteristicSOMsaturation indexPinggu districtgroundwater quality |
| spellingShingle | Jia Li Zheming Shi Guangcai Wang Fei Liu Evaluating Spatiotemporal Variations of Groundwater Quality in Northeast Beijing by Self-Organizing Map Water hydrochemical characteristic SOM saturation index Pinggu district groundwater quality |
| title | Evaluating Spatiotemporal Variations of Groundwater Quality in Northeast Beijing by Self-Organizing Map |
| title_full | Evaluating Spatiotemporal Variations of Groundwater Quality in Northeast Beijing by Self-Organizing Map |
| title_fullStr | Evaluating Spatiotemporal Variations of Groundwater Quality in Northeast Beijing by Self-Organizing Map |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating Spatiotemporal Variations of Groundwater Quality in Northeast Beijing by Self-Organizing Map |
| title_short | Evaluating Spatiotemporal Variations of Groundwater Quality in Northeast Beijing by Self-Organizing Map |
| title_sort | evaluating spatiotemporal variations of groundwater quality in northeast beijing by self organizing map |
| topic | hydrochemical characteristic SOM saturation index Pinggu district groundwater quality |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/5/1382 |
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