The COVID-19 Family Stressor Scale: Validation and Measurement Invariance in Female and Male Caregivers
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised significant concerns regarding the effect of social disruptions on parental mental health, family well-being, and children's adjustment. Due to the pace of the pandemic, measures of pandemic-related disruption have not been subject to rigorous empirical validati...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669106/full |
| _version_ | 1819096646183550976 |
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| author | Heather Prime Mark Wade Shealyn S. May Jennifer M. Jenkins Dillon T. Browne |
| author_facet | Heather Prime Mark Wade Shealyn S. May Jennifer M. Jenkins Dillon T. Browne |
| author_sort | Heather Prime |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The COVID-19 pandemic has raised significant concerns regarding the effect of social disruptions on parental mental health, family well-being, and children's adjustment. Due to the pace of the pandemic, measures of pandemic-related disruption have not been subject to rigorous empirical validation. To address this gap, a multi-national sample (United Kingdom, 76%; United States, 19%; Canada, 4%, and Australia, 1%) of 372 female caregivers and 158 male caregivers of 5–18-year-old children was recruited online. Participants completed a survey including a 25-item scale indexing disruption in finances, basic needs, personal and family welfare, career/education, household responsibilities, and family relationships related to the pandemic. An exploratory factor analysis yielded an optimal three-factor solution: factors included Income Stress (five items related to income, debt, and job loss; loadings ranged from 0.57 to 0.91), Family Stress (seven items related to family altercations and child management; loadings from 0.57 to 0.87), and Chaos Stress (four items related to access to supplies, crowded shopping areas, news coverage; loadings from 0.53 to 0.70). Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated measurement invariance of each factor across female and male caregivers, indicating that factor structure, loadings, and thresholds were equivalent across groups. Composites reflective of each factor were computed, and Mann-Whitney U tests indicated that female caregivers consistently scored higher than male caregivers on COVID-19 stressors related to income, family, and chaos. Finally, concurrent validity was demonstrated by significant bivariate correlations between each scale and caregiver, family, and child outcomes, respectively. This demonstrates the validity of the COVID-19 Family Stressor Scale for use with female and male caregivers in family-based research. The current sample was predominantly White-European, married/common-law, and had at least some post-secondary education. Additional sampling and validation efforts are required across diverse ethnic/racial and socioeconomic groups. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T00:02:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-846d26049c6d450186ee257d0ce00edd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-0640 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T00:02:30Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj.art-846d26049c6d450186ee257d0ce00edd2022-12-21T18:45:40ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402021-05-011210.3389/fpsyt.2021.669106669106The COVID-19 Family Stressor Scale: Validation and Measurement Invariance in Female and Male CaregiversHeather Prime0Mark Wade1Shealyn S. May2Jennifer M. Jenkins3Dillon T. Browne4Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, CanadaApplied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaDepartment of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CanadaApplied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaDepartment of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CanadaThe COVID-19 pandemic has raised significant concerns regarding the effect of social disruptions on parental mental health, family well-being, and children's adjustment. Due to the pace of the pandemic, measures of pandemic-related disruption have not been subject to rigorous empirical validation. To address this gap, a multi-national sample (United Kingdom, 76%; United States, 19%; Canada, 4%, and Australia, 1%) of 372 female caregivers and 158 male caregivers of 5–18-year-old children was recruited online. Participants completed a survey including a 25-item scale indexing disruption in finances, basic needs, personal and family welfare, career/education, household responsibilities, and family relationships related to the pandemic. An exploratory factor analysis yielded an optimal three-factor solution: factors included Income Stress (five items related to income, debt, and job loss; loadings ranged from 0.57 to 0.91), Family Stress (seven items related to family altercations and child management; loadings from 0.57 to 0.87), and Chaos Stress (four items related to access to supplies, crowded shopping areas, news coverage; loadings from 0.53 to 0.70). Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated measurement invariance of each factor across female and male caregivers, indicating that factor structure, loadings, and thresholds were equivalent across groups. Composites reflective of each factor were computed, and Mann-Whitney U tests indicated that female caregivers consistently scored higher than male caregivers on COVID-19 stressors related to income, family, and chaos. Finally, concurrent validity was demonstrated by significant bivariate correlations between each scale and caregiver, family, and child outcomes, respectively. This demonstrates the validity of the COVID-19 Family Stressor Scale for use with female and male caregivers in family-based research. The current sample was predominantly White-European, married/common-law, and had at least some post-secondary education. Additional sampling and validation efforts are required across diverse ethnic/racial and socioeconomic groups.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669106/fullCOVID-19family stresscaregiverschild mental healthscale validationmeasurement invariance |
| spellingShingle | Heather Prime Mark Wade Shealyn S. May Jennifer M. Jenkins Dillon T. Browne The COVID-19 Family Stressor Scale: Validation and Measurement Invariance in Female and Male Caregivers Frontiers in Psychiatry COVID-19 family stress caregivers child mental health scale validation measurement invariance |
| title | The COVID-19 Family Stressor Scale: Validation and Measurement Invariance in Female and Male Caregivers |
| title_full | The COVID-19 Family Stressor Scale: Validation and Measurement Invariance in Female and Male Caregivers |
| title_fullStr | The COVID-19 Family Stressor Scale: Validation and Measurement Invariance in Female and Male Caregivers |
| title_full_unstemmed | The COVID-19 Family Stressor Scale: Validation and Measurement Invariance in Female and Male Caregivers |
| title_short | The COVID-19 Family Stressor Scale: Validation and Measurement Invariance in Female and Male Caregivers |
| title_sort | covid 19 family stressor scale validation and measurement invariance in female and male caregivers |
| topic | COVID-19 family stress caregivers child mental health scale validation measurement invariance |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669106/full |
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