The Issue of Misidentification of Kojic Acid with Flufuran in <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
In the course of investigations on the complex phenomenon of bee decline, <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> was isolated from the haemocoel of worker bees. Observations on the metabolomic profile of this strain showed kojic acid to be the dominant product in cultures on Czapek-Dox broth. However...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-05-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/9/1709 |
| _version_ | 1819319993300418560 |
|---|---|
| author | Marina DellaGreca Gaetano De Tommaso Maria Michela Salvatore Rosario Nicoletti Andrea Becchimanzi Mauro Iuliano Anna Andolfi |
| author_facet | Marina DellaGreca Gaetano De Tommaso Maria Michela Salvatore Rosario Nicoletti Andrea Becchimanzi Mauro Iuliano Anna Andolfi |
| author_sort | Marina DellaGreca |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the course of investigations on the complex phenomenon of bee decline, <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> was isolated from the haemocoel of worker bees. Observations on the metabolomic profile of this strain showed kojic acid to be the dominant product in cultures on Czapek-Dox broth. However, an accurate review of papers documenting secondary metabolite production in <i>A. flavus</i> also showed that an isomer of kojic acid, identified as 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-3-carboxylic acid and named flufuran is reported from this species. The spectroscopic data of kojic acid were almost identical to those reported in the literature for flufuran. This motivated a comparative study of commercial kojic acid and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-3-carboxylic acid, highlighting some differences, for example in the <sup>13</sup>C-NMR and UV spectra for the two compounds, indicating that misidentification of the kojic acid as 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-3-carboxylic acid has occurred in the past. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-24T11:12:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8498f2129f484e0e83c3d6caeb99ca51 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-24T11:12:30Z |
| publishDate | 2019-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-8498f2129f484e0e83c3d6caeb99ca512022-12-21T16:58:29ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-05-01249170910.3390/molecules24091709molecules24091709The Issue of Misidentification of Kojic Acid with Flufuran in <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>Marina DellaGreca0Gaetano De Tommaso1Maria Michela Salvatore2Rosario Nicoletti3Andrea Becchimanzi4Mauro Iuliano5Anna Andolfi6Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80126 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80126 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80126 Naples, ItalyCouncil for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, 81100 Caserta, ItalyDepartment of Agriculture, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80055 Portici, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80126 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80126 Naples, ItalyIn the course of investigations on the complex phenomenon of bee decline, <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> was isolated from the haemocoel of worker bees. Observations on the metabolomic profile of this strain showed kojic acid to be the dominant product in cultures on Czapek-Dox broth. However, an accurate review of papers documenting secondary metabolite production in <i>A. flavus</i> also showed that an isomer of kojic acid, identified as 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-3-carboxylic acid and named flufuran is reported from this species. The spectroscopic data of kojic acid were almost identical to those reported in the literature for flufuran. This motivated a comparative study of commercial kojic acid and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-3-carboxylic acid, highlighting some differences, for example in the <sup>13</sup>C-NMR and UV spectra for the two compounds, indicating that misidentification of the kojic acid as 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-3-carboxylic acid has occurred in the past.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/9/1709kojic acidflufuran5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-3-carboxylic acid<i>Aspergillus flavus</i>beesimmunomodulation |
| spellingShingle | Marina DellaGreca Gaetano De Tommaso Maria Michela Salvatore Rosario Nicoletti Andrea Becchimanzi Mauro Iuliano Anna Andolfi The Issue of Misidentification of Kojic Acid with Flufuran in <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Molecules kojic acid flufuran 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-3-carboxylic acid <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> bees immunomodulation |
| title | The Issue of Misidentification of Kojic Acid with Flufuran in <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_full | The Issue of Misidentification of Kojic Acid with Flufuran in <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_fullStr | The Issue of Misidentification of Kojic Acid with Flufuran in <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Issue of Misidentification of Kojic Acid with Flufuran in <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_short | The Issue of Misidentification of Kojic Acid with Flufuran in <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_sort | issue of misidentification of kojic acid with flufuran in i aspergillus flavus i |
| topic | kojic acid flufuran 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-3-carboxylic acid <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> bees immunomodulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/9/1709 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT marinadellagreca theissueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi AT gaetanodetommaso theissueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi AT mariamichelasalvatore theissueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi AT rosarionicoletti theissueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi AT andreabecchimanzi theissueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi AT mauroiuliano theissueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi AT annaandolfi theissueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi AT marinadellagreca issueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi AT gaetanodetommaso issueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi AT mariamichelasalvatore issueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi AT rosarionicoletti issueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi AT andreabecchimanzi issueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi AT mauroiuliano issueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi AT annaandolfi issueofmisidentificationofkojicacidwithflufuraniniaspergillusflavusi |