Graphitic Carbon Nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) Reduces Cadmium and Arsenic Phytotoxicity and Accumulation in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.)
The present study investigated the role of graphitic carbon nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) in alleviating cadmium (Cd)- and arsenic (As)-induced phytotoxicity to rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.). A high-temperature pyrolysis was used to synthesize the C<sub&...
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/4/839 |
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| author | Chuanxin Ma Yi Hao Jian Zhao Nubia Zuverza-Mena Ahmed G. Meselhy Om Parkash Dhankher Yukui Rui Jason C. White Baoshan Xing |
| author_facet | Chuanxin Ma Yi Hao Jian Zhao Nubia Zuverza-Mena Ahmed G. Meselhy Om Parkash Dhankher Yukui Rui Jason C. White Baoshan Xing |
| author_sort | Chuanxin Ma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present study investigated the role of graphitic carbon nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) in alleviating cadmium (Cd)- and arsenic (As)-induced phytotoxicity to rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.). A high-temperature pyrolysis was used to synthesize the C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, which was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Rice seedlings were exposed to C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> at 50 and 250 mg/L in half-strength Hoagland’s solution amended with or without 10 mg/L Cd or As for 14 days. Both Cd and As alone resulted in 26–38% and 49–56% decreases in rice root and shoot biomass, respectively. Exposure to 250 mg/L C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> alone increased the root and shoot fresh biomass by 17.5% and 25.9%, respectively. Upon coexposure, Cd + C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and As + C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> alleviated the heavy metal-induced phytotoxicity and increased the fresh weight by 26–38% and 49–56%, respectively. Further, the addition of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> decreased Cd and As accumulation in the roots by 32% and 25%, respectively, whereas the metal contents in the shoots were 30% lower in the presence of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. Both As and Cd also significantly altered the macronutrient (K, P, Ca, S, and Mg) and micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn) contents in rice, but these alterations were not evident in plants coexposed to C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis suggests that Cd significantly altered the genomic DNA of rice roots, while no difference was found in shoots. The presence of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> controlled Cd and As uptake in rice by regulating transport-related genes. For example, the relative expression of the Cd transporter <i>OsIRT1</i> in roots was upregulated by approximately threefold with metal exposure, but C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> coamendment lowered the expression. Similar results were evident in the expression of the As transporter <i>OsNIP1;1</i> in roots. Overall, these findings facilitate the understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which carbon-based nanomaterials alleviate contaminant-induced phyto- and genotoxicity and may provide a new strategy for the reduction of heavy metal contamination in agriculture. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:55:14Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:55:14Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-849a253ab8714369ba07661000b2893d2023-11-21T11:59:55ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912021-03-0111483910.3390/nano11040839Graphitic Carbon Nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) Reduces Cadmium and Arsenic Phytotoxicity and Accumulation in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.)Chuanxin Ma0Yi Hao1Jian Zhao2Nubia Zuverza-Mena3Ahmed G. Meselhy4Om Parkash Dhankher5Yukui Rui6Jason C. White7Baoshan Xing8Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaKey Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, and Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, ChinaThe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USAStockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USAStockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USABeijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaThe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USAStockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USAThe present study investigated the role of graphitic carbon nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) in alleviating cadmium (Cd)- and arsenic (As)-induced phytotoxicity to rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.). A high-temperature pyrolysis was used to synthesize the C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, which was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Rice seedlings were exposed to C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> at 50 and 250 mg/L in half-strength Hoagland’s solution amended with or without 10 mg/L Cd or As for 14 days. Both Cd and As alone resulted in 26–38% and 49–56% decreases in rice root and shoot biomass, respectively. Exposure to 250 mg/L C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> alone increased the root and shoot fresh biomass by 17.5% and 25.9%, respectively. Upon coexposure, Cd + C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and As + C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> alleviated the heavy metal-induced phytotoxicity and increased the fresh weight by 26–38% and 49–56%, respectively. Further, the addition of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> decreased Cd and As accumulation in the roots by 32% and 25%, respectively, whereas the metal contents in the shoots were 30% lower in the presence of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. Both As and Cd also significantly altered the macronutrient (K, P, Ca, S, and Mg) and micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn) contents in rice, but these alterations were not evident in plants coexposed to C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis suggests that Cd significantly altered the genomic DNA of rice roots, while no difference was found in shoots. The presence of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> controlled Cd and As uptake in rice by regulating transport-related genes. For example, the relative expression of the Cd transporter <i>OsIRT1</i> in roots was upregulated by approximately threefold with metal exposure, but C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> coamendment lowered the expression. Similar results were evident in the expression of the As transporter <i>OsNIP1;1</i> in roots. Overall, these findings facilitate the understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which carbon-based nanomaterials alleviate contaminant-induced phyto- and genotoxicity and may provide a new strategy for the reduction of heavy metal contamination in agriculture.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/4/839riceg-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>synthesiscadmiumarsenicaccumulation |
| spellingShingle | Chuanxin Ma Yi Hao Jian Zhao Nubia Zuverza-Mena Ahmed G. Meselhy Om Parkash Dhankher Yukui Rui Jason C. White Baoshan Xing Graphitic Carbon Nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) Reduces Cadmium and Arsenic Phytotoxicity and Accumulation in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Nanomaterials rice g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> synthesis cadmium arsenic accumulation |
| title | Graphitic Carbon Nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) Reduces Cadmium and Arsenic Phytotoxicity and Accumulation in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) |
| title_full | Graphitic Carbon Nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) Reduces Cadmium and Arsenic Phytotoxicity and Accumulation in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) |
| title_fullStr | Graphitic Carbon Nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) Reduces Cadmium and Arsenic Phytotoxicity and Accumulation in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Graphitic Carbon Nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) Reduces Cadmium and Arsenic Phytotoxicity and Accumulation in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) |
| title_short | Graphitic Carbon Nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) Reduces Cadmium and Arsenic Phytotoxicity and Accumulation in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) |
| title_sort | graphitic carbon nitride c sub 3 sub n sub 4 sub reduces cadmium and arsenic phytotoxicity and accumulation in rice i oryza sativa i l |
| topic | rice g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> synthesis cadmium arsenic accumulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/4/839 |
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