From Drug Doping to Gene Doping in Horse
ObjectiveAccording to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), gene doping refers to the non-therapeutic use of genes, gene components, and cellular elements that enhance the athletic performance capacity of animals. Doping used to be done with various drugs such as Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS), C...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | fas |
| Published: |
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
2023-11-01
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| Series: | مجله بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://jab.uk.ac.ir/article_4031_65f45fc88be7faae8b01d8108cf23f23.pdf |
| Summary: | ObjectiveAccording to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), gene doping refers to the non-therapeutic use of genes, gene components, and cellular elements that enhance the athletic performance capacity of animals. Doping used to be done with various drugs such as Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS), Caffeine, Cocaine, Amphetamine, Apomorphine, Fentanyl, Barbiturates, Butazone, etc. but with the progress in the field of gene therapy, the necessary tools for gene doping were created. The objectives of this review were to introduce the types of drug doping, gene doping, the detection methods and important candidate genes used in gene doping in horses.Gene Doping Methods and Detection TechniquesGene doping methods can generally be classified into three categories: gene transfer, gene silencing, and gene editing. Various methods have been proposed for detecting gene doping, which can be broadly categorized as indirect and direct detection methods. Indirect methods measure the body's responses to doping, while direct method, which clearly identifies the doping agent, the goal is to identify the genetic materials of doping, a protein produced from the gene doping gene, or a vector. All gene doping detection methods have their advantages and disadvantages, and it is evident that detecting gene doping will be challenging.Candidate Genes in Gene DopingCandidate genes commonly used in gene doping include EPO, IGF1, GH, HIF1, PPARD, MSTN, ACTN2, ACTN3, VEGFA, POMC, PENK, ACE, and PCK1.Conclusion Given the sensitivity and significance of equestrian sports and horse racing, the likelihood of owners, trainers, and riders resorting to doping to achieve victory is increasing. As gene doping is more effective and harder to detect than traditional drug doping, it receives more attention from offenders. As a result, equestrian and horse racing competitions are facing a new challenge known as gene doping. Although there is currently no evidence of gene doping being used, the necessary technology exists to implement various forms of gene doping. The most effective measure for controlling doping is the introduction of precise doping detection tests. While a wide range of diagnostic tests has been proposed, there is currently no official and widespread method for detecting gene doping. A successful anti-doping program should not only include diagnostic tests but also focus on education, supervision, and implementation methods. |
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| ISSN: | 2228-6705 2228-6500 |