Estimation of the Timber Quality of Scots Pine with Terrestrial Laser Scanning
Preharvest information on the quality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) timber is required by the forest industry in Nordic countries, due to the strong association between the technical quality and product recovery of this species in particular. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy...
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MDPI AG
2014-07-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/5/8/1879 |
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| author | Ville Kankare Marianna Joensuu Jari Vauhkonen Markus Holopainen Topi Tanhuanpää Mikko Vastaranta Juha Hyyppä Hannu Hyyppä Petteri Alho Juha Rikala Marketta Sipi |
| author_facet | Ville Kankare Marianna Joensuu Jari Vauhkonen Markus Holopainen Topi Tanhuanpää Mikko Vastaranta Juha Hyyppä Hannu Hyyppä Petteri Alho Juha Rikala Marketta Sipi |
| author_sort | Ville Kankare |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Preharvest information on the quality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) timber is required by the forest industry in Nordic countries, due to the strong association between the technical quality and product recovery of this species in particular. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of estimating external quality attributes and classifying the quality of mature Scots pine trees by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). The tree quality was estimated using a random forest approach, based on both field and TLS measurements of stem diameters, tree height and branch heights. The relative root mean squared errors of the TLS measurements for tree height, diameter, diameter at 6 m and the lowest living and dead branch height were 7.1%, 5.9%, 8.9%, 9.6% and 42.9%, respectively. The highest errors of the branch heights were caused by the shadowing effect in the point cloud data. The quality classes were estimated accurately, based on both (field and TLS measured) tree attributes. Trees were classified with 95.0% and 83.6% accuracy into three operationally-important quality classes and with 87.1% and 76.4% accuracy into five classes using, field or TLS measurements, respectively. The obtained quality classification results were promising. The enhanced tree quality information could have a significant effect on planning forest management procedures, wood supply chains and optimizing the flow of raw materials. To fully integrate tree quality measurements in operational forestry, the methods used should be fully automated. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T05:29:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-84aa29990b484140a6f3d09963484024 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T05:29:00Z |
| publishDate | 2014-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-84aa29990b484140a6f3d099634840242022-12-22T03:46:10ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072014-07-01581879189510.3390/f5081879f5081879Estimation of the Timber Quality of Scots Pine with Terrestrial Laser ScanningVille Kankare0Marianna Joensuu1Jari Vauhkonen2Markus Holopainen3Topi Tanhuanpää4Mikko Vastaranta5Juha Hyyppä6Hannu Hyyppä7Petteri Alho8Juha Rikala9Marketta Sipi10Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, FinlandCentre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FI-02431 Masala, FinlandCentre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FI-02431 Masala, FinlandCentre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FI-02431 Masala, FinlandDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, FinlandPreharvest information on the quality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) timber is required by the forest industry in Nordic countries, due to the strong association between the technical quality and product recovery of this species in particular. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of estimating external quality attributes and classifying the quality of mature Scots pine trees by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). The tree quality was estimated using a random forest approach, based on both field and TLS measurements of stem diameters, tree height and branch heights. The relative root mean squared errors of the TLS measurements for tree height, diameter, diameter at 6 m and the lowest living and dead branch height were 7.1%, 5.9%, 8.9%, 9.6% and 42.9%, respectively. The highest errors of the branch heights were caused by the shadowing effect in the point cloud data. The quality classes were estimated accurately, based on both (field and TLS measured) tree attributes. Trees were classified with 95.0% and 83.6% accuracy into three operationally-important quality classes and with 87.1% and 76.4% accuracy into five classes using, field or TLS measurements, respectively. The obtained quality classification results were promising. The enhanced tree quality information could have a significant effect on planning forest management procedures, wood supply chains and optimizing the flow of raw materials. To fully integrate tree quality measurements in operational forestry, the methods used should be fully automated.http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/5/8/1879remote sensingforest inventoryGISforest management planninglaser scanningterrestrial laser scanningtimber qualityforest technology |
| spellingShingle | Ville Kankare Marianna Joensuu Jari Vauhkonen Markus Holopainen Topi Tanhuanpää Mikko Vastaranta Juha Hyyppä Hannu Hyyppä Petteri Alho Juha Rikala Marketta Sipi Estimation of the Timber Quality of Scots Pine with Terrestrial Laser Scanning Forests remote sensing forest inventory GIS forest management planning laser scanning terrestrial laser scanning timber quality forest technology |
| title | Estimation of the Timber Quality of Scots Pine with Terrestrial Laser Scanning |
| title_full | Estimation of the Timber Quality of Scots Pine with Terrestrial Laser Scanning |
| title_fullStr | Estimation of the Timber Quality of Scots Pine with Terrestrial Laser Scanning |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estimation of the Timber Quality of Scots Pine with Terrestrial Laser Scanning |
| title_short | Estimation of the Timber Quality of Scots Pine with Terrestrial Laser Scanning |
| title_sort | estimation of the timber quality of scots pine with terrestrial laser scanning |
| topic | remote sensing forest inventory GIS forest management planning laser scanning terrestrial laser scanning timber quality forest technology |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/5/8/1879 |
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