Curing Behavior and Thermomechanical Performance of Bioepoxy Resin Synthesized from Vanillyl Alcohol: Effects of the Curing Agent
In order to reduce the dependency of resin synthesis on petroleum resources, vanillyl alcohol which is a renewable material that can be produced from lignin has been used to synthesize bioepoxy resin. Although it has been widely reported that the curing reaction and properties of the cured epoxies c...
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/17/2891 |
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| author | Zhenyu Wang Pitchaimari Gnanasekar Sandeep Sudhakaran Nair Songlin Yi Ning Yan |
| author_facet | Zhenyu Wang Pitchaimari Gnanasekar Sandeep Sudhakaran Nair Songlin Yi Ning Yan |
| author_sort | Zhenyu Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In order to reduce the dependency of resin synthesis on petroleum resources, vanillyl alcohol which is a renewable material that can be produced from lignin has been used to synthesize bioepoxy resin. Although it has been widely reported that the curing reaction and properties of the cured epoxies can be greatly affected by the molecular structure of the curing agents, the exact influence remains unknown for bioepoxies. In this study, four aliphatic amines with different molecular structures and amine functionalities, namely triethylenetetramine (TETA), Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN), diethylenetriamine (DETA), and ethylenediamine (EDA), were used to cure the synthesized vanillyl alcohol–based bioepoxy resin (VE). The curing reaction of VE and the physicochemical properties, especially the thermomechanical performance of the cured bioepoxies with different amine functionalities, were systematically investigated and compared using different characterization methods, such as DSC, ATR–FTIR, TGA, DMA, and tensile testing, etc. Despite a higher curing temperature needed in the VE–TETA resin system, the cured VE–TETA epoxy showed a better chemical resistance, particularly acidic resistance, as well as a lower swelling ratio than the others. The higher thermal decomposition temperature, storage modulus, and relaxation temperature of VE–TETA epoxy indicated its superior thermal stability and thermomechanical properties. Moreover, the tensile strength of VE cured by TETA was 1.4~2.6 times higher than those of other curing systems. In conclusion, TETA was shown to be the optimum epoxy curing agent for vanillyl alcohol–based bioepoxy resin. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:05:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-84ca465be1b447eda5f1f2f90c9a1b85 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:05:59Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-84ca465be1b447eda5f1f2f90c9a1b852023-11-22T11:04:53ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-08-011317289110.3390/polym13172891Curing Behavior and Thermomechanical Performance of Bioepoxy Resin Synthesized from Vanillyl Alcohol: Effects of the Curing AgentZhenyu Wang0Pitchaimari Gnanasekar1Sandeep Sudhakaran Nair2Songlin Yi3Ning Yan4Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, ChinaDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, CanadaDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, CanadaBeijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, CanadaIn order to reduce the dependency of resin synthesis on petroleum resources, vanillyl alcohol which is a renewable material that can be produced from lignin has been used to synthesize bioepoxy resin. Although it has been widely reported that the curing reaction and properties of the cured epoxies can be greatly affected by the molecular structure of the curing agents, the exact influence remains unknown for bioepoxies. In this study, four aliphatic amines with different molecular structures and amine functionalities, namely triethylenetetramine (TETA), Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN), diethylenetriamine (DETA), and ethylenediamine (EDA), were used to cure the synthesized vanillyl alcohol–based bioepoxy resin (VE). The curing reaction of VE and the physicochemical properties, especially the thermomechanical performance of the cured bioepoxies with different amine functionalities, were systematically investigated and compared using different characterization methods, such as DSC, ATR–FTIR, TGA, DMA, and tensile testing, etc. Despite a higher curing temperature needed in the VE–TETA resin system, the cured VE–TETA epoxy showed a better chemical resistance, particularly acidic resistance, as well as a lower swelling ratio than the others. The higher thermal decomposition temperature, storage modulus, and relaxation temperature of VE–TETA epoxy indicated its superior thermal stability and thermomechanical properties. Moreover, the tensile strength of VE cured by TETA was 1.4~2.6 times higher than those of other curing systems. In conclusion, TETA was shown to be the optimum epoxy curing agent for vanillyl alcohol–based bioepoxy resin.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/17/2891bio–based epoxy resinvanillyl alcoholaliphatic aminescuring systemthermomechanical properties |
| spellingShingle | Zhenyu Wang Pitchaimari Gnanasekar Sandeep Sudhakaran Nair Songlin Yi Ning Yan Curing Behavior and Thermomechanical Performance of Bioepoxy Resin Synthesized from Vanillyl Alcohol: Effects of the Curing Agent Polymers bio–based epoxy resin vanillyl alcohol aliphatic amines curing system thermomechanical properties |
| title | Curing Behavior and Thermomechanical Performance of Bioepoxy Resin Synthesized from Vanillyl Alcohol: Effects of the Curing Agent |
| title_full | Curing Behavior and Thermomechanical Performance of Bioepoxy Resin Synthesized from Vanillyl Alcohol: Effects of the Curing Agent |
| title_fullStr | Curing Behavior and Thermomechanical Performance of Bioepoxy Resin Synthesized from Vanillyl Alcohol: Effects of the Curing Agent |
| title_full_unstemmed | Curing Behavior and Thermomechanical Performance of Bioepoxy Resin Synthesized from Vanillyl Alcohol: Effects of the Curing Agent |
| title_short | Curing Behavior and Thermomechanical Performance of Bioepoxy Resin Synthesized from Vanillyl Alcohol: Effects of the Curing Agent |
| title_sort | curing behavior and thermomechanical performance of bioepoxy resin synthesized from vanillyl alcohol effects of the curing agent |
| topic | bio–based epoxy resin vanillyl alcohol aliphatic amines curing system thermomechanical properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/17/2891 |
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