The Impact of Different Ocean Tide Loading Models on GNSS Estimated Zenith Tropospheric Delay Using Precise Point Positioning Technique
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have become an important tool to derive atmospheric products, such as the total zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) and precipitable water vapor (PWV) for weather and climate studies. The ocean tide loading (OTL) effect is one of the primary errors that affect...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/18/3080 |
| _version_ | 1797553179117748224 |
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| author | Jinglei Zhang Xiaoming Wang Zishen Li Shuhui Li Cong Qiu Haobo Li Shaotian Zhang Li Li |
| author_facet | Jinglei Zhang Xiaoming Wang Zishen Li Shuhui Li Cong Qiu Haobo Li Shaotian Zhang Li Li |
| author_sort | Jinglei Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have become an important tool to derive atmospheric products, such as the total zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) and precipitable water vapor (PWV) for weather and climate studies. The ocean tide loading (OTL) effect is one of the primary errors that affects the accuracy of GNSS-derived ZTD/PWV, which means the study and choice of the OTL model is an important issue for high-accuracy ZTD estimation. In this study, GNSS data from 1 January 2019 to 31 January 2019 are processed using precise point positioning (PPP) at globally distributed stations. The performance of seven widely used global OTL models is assessed and their impact on the GNSS-derived ZTD is investigated by comparing them against the ZTD calculated from co-located radiosonde observations. The results indicate that the inclusion or exclusion of the OTL effect will lead to a difference in ZTD of up to 3–15 mm for island stations, and up to 1–2 mm for inland stations. The difference of the ZTD determined with different OTL models is quite small, with a root-mean-square (RMS) value below 1.5 mm at most stations. The comparison between the GNSS-derived ZTD and the radiosonde-derived ZTD indicates that the adoption of OTL models can improve the accuracy of GNSS-derived ZTD. The results also indicate that the adoption of a smaller cutoff elevation, e.g., 3° or 7°, can significantly reduce the difference between the ZTDs determined by GNSS and radiosonde, when compared against a 15° cutoff elevation. Compared to the radiosonde-derived ZTD, the RMS error of GNSS-derived ZTD is approximately 25–35 mm at a cutoff elevation of 15°, and 15–25 mm when the cutoff elevation is set to 3°. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:11:42Z |
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| id | doaj.art-84e734a49e8440a7acc6d5134ec6a579 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:11:42Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-84e734a49e8440a7acc6d5134ec6a5792023-11-20T14:24:26ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922020-09-011218308010.3390/rs12183080The Impact of Different Ocean Tide Loading Models on GNSS Estimated Zenith Tropospheric Delay Using Precise Point Positioning TechniqueJinglei Zhang0Xiaoming Wang1Zishen Li2Shuhui Li3Cong Qiu4Haobo Li5Shaotian Zhang6Li Li7School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, ChinaSchool of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, ChinaAerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, ChinaSchool of Geographical Sciences and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215010, ChinaGlobal navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have become an important tool to derive atmospheric products, such as the total zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) and precipitable water vapor (PWV) for weather and climate studies. The ocean tide loading (OTL) effect is one of the primary errors that affects the accuracy of GNSS-derived ZTD/PWV, which means the study and choice of the OTL model is an important issue for high-accuracy ZTD estimation. In this study, GNSS data from 1 January 2019 to 31 January 2019 are processed using precise point positioning (PPP) at globally distributed stations. The performance of seven widely used global OTL models is assessed and their impact on the GNSS-derived ZTD is investigated by comparing them against the ZTD calculated from co-located radiosonde observations. The results indicate that the inclusion or exclusion of the OTL effect will lead to a difference in ZTD of up to 3–15 mm for island stations, and up to 1–2 mm for inland stations. The difference of the ZTD determined with different OTL models is quite small, with a root-mean-square (RMS) value below 1.5 mm at most stations. The comparison between the GNSS-derived ZTD and the radiosonde-derived ZTD indicates that the adoption of OTL models can improve the accuracy of GNSS-derived ZTD. The results also indicate that the adoption of a smaller cutoff elevation, e.g., 3° or 7°, can significantly reduce the difference between the ZTDs determined by GNSS and radiosonde, when compared against a 15° cutoff elevation. Compared to the radiosonde-derived ZTD, the RMS error of GNSS-derived ZTD is approximately 25–35 mm at a cutoff elevation of 15°, and 15–25 mm when the cutoff elevation is set to 3°.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/18/3080PPPZTDOTLradiosondeelevation cutoff angle |
| spellingShingle | Jinglei Zhang Xiaoming Wang Zishen Li Shuhui Li Cong Qiu Haobo Li Shaotian Zhang Li Li The Impact of Different Ocean Tide Loading Models on GNSS Estimated Zenith Tropospheric Delay Using Precise Point Positioning Technique Remote Sensing PPP ZTD OTL radiosonde elevation cutoff angle |
| title | The Impact of Different Ocean Tide Loading Models on GNSS Estimated Zenith Tropospheric Delay Using Precise Point Positioning Technique |
| title_full | The Impact of Different Ocean Tide Loading Models on GNSS Estimated Zenith Tropospheric Delay Using Precise Point Positioning Technique |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of Different Ocean Tide Loading Models on GNSS Estimated Zenith Tropospheric Delay Using Precise Point Positioning Technique |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of Different Ocean Tide Loading Models on GNSS Estimated Zenith Tropospheric Delay Using Precise Point Positioning Technique |
| title_short | The Impact of Different Ocean Tide Loading Models on GNSS Estimated Zenith Tropospheric Delay Using Precise Point Positioning Technique |
| title_sort | impact of different ocean tide loading models on gnss estimated zenith tropospheric delay using precise point positioning technique |
| topic | PPP ZTD OTL radiosonde elevation cutoff angle |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/18/3080 |
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