Misconceptions of Reference and Potential Evapotranspiration: A PRISMA-Guided Comprehensive Review
One of the most important parts of the hydrological cycle is evapotranspiration (ET). Accurate estimates of ET in irrigated regions are critical to the planning, control, and regulation of agricultural natural resources. Accurate ET estimation is necessary for agricultural irrigation scheduling. ET...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| author | Ali Raza Nadhir Al-Ansari Yongguang Hu Siham Acharki Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma Pouya Aghelpour Muhammad Zubair Christine Ajuang Wandolo Ahmed Elbeltagi |
| author_facet | Ali Raza Nadhir Al-Ansari Yongguang Hu Siham Acharki Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma Pouya Aghelpour Muhammad Zubair Christine Ajuang Wandolo Ahmed Elbeltagi |
| author_sort | Ali Raza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | One of the most important parts of the hydrological cycle is evapotranspiration (ET). Accurate estimates of ET in irrigated regions are critical to the planning, control, and regulation of agricultural natural resources. Accurate ET estimation is necessary for agricultural irrigation scheduling. ET is a nonlinear and complex process that cannot be calculated directly. Reference evapotranspiration (RET) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) are two primary forms of ET. The ideas, equations, and application areas for PET and RET are different. These two terms have been confused and used interchangeably by researchers. Therefore, terminology clarification is necessary to ensure their proper use. The research indicates that PET and RET concepts have a long and distinguished history. Thornthwaite devised the original PET idea, and it has been used ever since, although with several improvements. The development of RET, although initially confused with that of PET, was formally defined as a standard method. In this study, the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was used. Equations for RET estimation were retrieved from 44 research articles, and equations for PET estimation were collected from 26 studies. Both the PET and RET equations were divided into three distinct categories: temperature-based, radiation-based, and combination-based. The results show that, among temperature-based equations for PET, Thornthwaite’s (1948) equation was mentioned in 12,117 publications, whereas among temperature-based equations for RET, Hargreaves and Samani’s (1985) equation was quoted in 3859 studies. Similarly, Priestley (1972) had the most highly cited equation in radiation-based PET equations (about 6379), whereas Ritchie (1972) had the most highly cited RET equations (around 2382) in radiation-based equations. Additionally, among combination-based PET equations, Penman and Monteith’s (1948) equations were cited in 9307 research studies, but the equations of Allen et al. (1998) were the subject of a significant number of citations from 23,000 publications. Based on application, PET is most often applied in the fields of hydrology, meteorology, and climatology, whereas RET is more frequently utilized in the fields of agronomy, agriculture, irrigation, and ecology. PET has been used to derive drought indices, whereas RET has been employed for single crop and dual crop coefficient approaches. This work examines and describes the ideas and methodologies, widely used equations, applications, and advanced approaches associated with PET and RET, and discusses future enhancements to increase the accuracy of ET calculation to attain accurate agricultural irrigation scheduling. The use of advanced tools such as remote sensing and satellite technologies, in addition to machine learning algorithms, will help to improve the accuracy of PET and RET estimates. Researchers will be able to distinguish between PET and RET in the future with the use of the study’s results. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-84f6aff260454396b095465b45725b242023-11-23T16:34:53ZengMDPI AGHydrology2306-53382022-08-019915310.3390/hydrology9090153Misconceptions of Reference and Potential Evapotranspiration: A PRISMA-Guided Comprehensive ReviewAli Raza0Nadhir Al-Ansari1Yongguang Hu2Siham Acharki3Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma4Pouya Aghelpour5Muhammad Zubair6Christine Ajuang Wandolo7Ahmed Elbeltagi8School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 97187 Lulea, SwedenSchool of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaDepartment of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, MoroccoDepartment of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145, IndiaDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65178-38695, IranSchool of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, ChinaSchool of Communication, Daystar University, Nairobi 00100, KenyaAgricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, EgyptOne of the most important parts of the hydrological cycle is evapotranspiration (ET). Accurate estimates of ET in irrigated regions are critical to the planning, control, and regulation of agricultural natural resources. Accurate ET estimation is necessary for agricultural irrigation scheduling. ET is a nonlinear and complex process that cannot be calculated directly. Reference evapotranspiration (RET) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) are two primary forms of ET. The ideas, equations, and application areas for PET and RET are different. These two terms have been confused and used interchangeably by researchers. Therefore, terminology clarification is necessary to ensure their proper use. The research indicates that PET and RET concepts have a long and distinguished history. Thornthwaite devised the original PET idea, and it has been used ever since, although with several improvements. The development of RET, although initially confused with that of PET, was formally defined as a standard method. In this study, the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was used. Equations for RET estimation were retrieved from 44 research articles, and equations for PET estimation were collected from 26 studies. Both the PET and RET equations were divided into three distinct categories: temperature-based, radiation-based, and combination-based. The results show that, among temperature-based equations for PET, Thornthwaite’s (1948) equation was mentioned in 12,117 publications, whereas among temperature-based equations for RET, Hargreaves and Samani’s (1985) equation was quoted in 3859 studies. Similarly, Priestley (1972) had the most highly cited equation in radiation-based PET equations (about 6379), whereas Ritchie (1972) had the most highly cited RET equations (around 2382) in radiation-based equations. Additionally, among combination-based PET equations, Penman and Monteith’s (1948) equations were cited in 9307 research studies, but the equations of Allen et al. (1998) were the subject of a significant number of citations from 23,000 publications. Based on application, PET is most often applied in the fields of hydrology, meteorology, and climatology, whereas RET is more frequently utilized in the fields of agronomy, agriculture, irrigation, and ecology. PET has been used to derive drought indices, whereas RET has been employed for single crop and dual crop coefficient approaches. This work examines and describes the ideas and methodologies, widely used equations, applications, and advanced approaches associated with PET and RET, and discusses future enhancements to increase the accuracy of ET calculation to attain accurate agricultural irrigation scheduling. The use of advanced tools such as remote sensing and satellite technologies, in addition to machine learning algorithms, will help to improve the accuracy of PET and RET estimates. Researchers will be able to distinguish between PET and RET in the future with the use of the study’s results.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5338/9/9/153potential evapotranspirationreference evapotranspirationmisconceptionPRISMA-guided systematic review |
| spellingShingle | Ali Raza Nadhir Al-Ansari Yongguang Hu Siham Acharki Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma Pouya Aghelpour Muhammad Zubair Christine Ajuang Wandolo Ahmed Elbeltagi Misconceptions of Reference and Potential Evapotranspiration: A PRISMA-Guided Comprehensive Review Hydrology potential evapotranspiration reference evapotranspiration misconception PRISMA-guided systematic review |
| title | Misconceptions of Reference and Potential Evapotranspiration: A PRISMA-Guided Comprehensive Review |
| title_full | Misconceptions of Reference and Potential Evapotranspiration: A PRISMA-Guided Comprehensive Review |
| title_fullStr | Misconceptions of Reference and Potential Evapotranspiration: A PRISMA-Guided Comprehensive Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Misconceptions of Reference and Potential Evapotranspiration: A PRISMA-Guided Comprehensive Review |
| title_short | Misconceptions of Reference and Potential Evapotranspiration: A PRISMA-Guided Comprehensive Review |
| title_sort | misconceptions of reference and potential evapotranspiration a prisma guided comprehensive review |
| topic | potential evapotranspiration reference evapotranspiration misconception PRISMA-guided systematic review |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5338/9/9/153 |
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