Real-world fuel-based and tillage area-based emission factors of agricultural machines during different tillage processes
Emissions of agricultural machines during tillage processes played an important role in severe seasonal pollution events in agricultural areas in China and cannot be ignored. In this study, the CO, NOX, HC and PM2.5 emissions of agricultural machines during real-world tillage processes were tested u...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1031647/full |
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| author | Xianbao Shen Xianbao Shen Xianbao Shen Wenhan Yu Zhiliang Yao Zhiliang Yao Zhiliang Yao Lei Kong Bobo Wu Bobo Wu Bobo Wu Kaijie Xuan Xinyue Cao Xinyue Cao Xinyue Cao Xin Li Xin Li Xin Li Hanyu Zhang Hanyu Zhang Hanyu Zhang Xuewei Hao Xuewei Hao Xuewei Hao Qi Zhou Qi Zhou Qi Zhou |
| author_facet | Xianbao Shen Xianbao Shen Xianbao Shen Wenhan Yu Zhiliang Yao Zhiliang Yao Zhiliang Yao Lei Kong Bobo Wu Bobo Wu Bobo Wu Kaijie Xuan Xinyue Cao Xinyue Cao Xinyue Cao Xin Li Xin Li Xin Li Hanyu Zhang Hanyu Zhang Hanyu Zhang Xuewei Hao Xuewei Hao Xuewei Hao Qi Zhou Qi Zhou Qi Zhou |
| author_sort | Xianbao Shen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Emissions of agricultural machines during tillage processes played an important role in severe seasonal pollution events in agricultural areas in China and cannot be ignored. In this study, the CO, NOX, HC and PM2.5 emissions of agricultural machines during real-world tillage processes were tested using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS), and their fuel-based and tillage area-based emission factors were calculated. The CO, NOX, HC and PM2.5 emissions were influenced by emission standards, engine rated power, tillage processes and crops. Only the CO, HC and PM2.5 fuel-based emission factors were reduced from China 0 to China II. For China III agricultural machines, the fuel-based emission factors were higher during plowing and tilling than during harvesting. The tillage area-based CO, NOX, HC and PM2.5 emission factors of corn tillage process were 11.85 ± 8.30, 53.21 ± 48.80, 3.46 ± 3.14 and 1.64 ± 1.33 kg/km2, respectively. The tillage area-based CO, NOX, HC and PM2.5 emission factors of wheat tillage process were 19.69 ± 21.50, 79.98 ± 63.22, 3.90 ± 2.96 and 1.61 ± 2.43 kg/km2, respectively. The tillage area-based emission factors of China III agricultural machines during plowing and tilling were higher than those during harvesting. The fuel consumption per unit tillage area can be used to provide a reference for the interconversion of the two emission factors in future studies. By comparing the fuel-based emission factors in this study with those in the Guidelines and other studies, we observed that the CO, HC and PM2.5 emissions of agricultural machines with corresponding emission standards may be overestimated and the NOX emissions may be underestimated in areas where wheat and corn are mainly grown. Moreover, the pollutant emissions of agricultural machines were regionally different. These results could help elucidate the pollution contribution of agricultural machines in China. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T18:34:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8515e83693b44a4a834342a3f7d12b3b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-665X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T18:34:25Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-8515e83693b44a4a834342a3f7d12b3b2022-12-22T02:34:57ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Environmental Science2296-665X2022-10-011010.3389/fenvs.2022.10316471031647Real-world fuel-based and tillage area-based emission factors of agricultural machines during different tillage processesXianbao Shen0Xianbao Shen1Xianbao Shen2Wenhan Yu3Zhiliang Yao4Zhiliang Yao5Zhiliang Yao6Lei Kong7Bobo Wu8Bobo Wu9Bobo Wu10Kaijie Xuan11Xinyue Cao12Xinyue Cao13Xinyue Cao14Xin Li15Xin Li16Xin Li17Hanyu Zhang18Hanyu Zhang19Hanyu Zhang20Xuewei Hao21Xuewei Hao22Xuewei Hao23Qi Zhou24Qi Zhou25Qi Zhou26School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaState Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaState Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaState Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaState Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaState Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaState Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaState Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaState Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, ChinaEmissions of agricultural machines during tillage processes played an important role in severe seasonal pollution events in agricultural areas in China and cannot be ignored. In this study, the CO, NOX, HC and PM2.5 emissions of agricultural machines during real-world tillage processes were tested using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS), and their fuel-based and tillage area-based emission factors were calculated. The CO, NOX, HC and PM2.5 emissions were influenced by emission standards, engine rated power, tillage processes and crops. Only the CO, HC and PM2.5 fuel-based emission factors were reduced from China 0 to China II. For China III agricultural machines, the fuel-based emission factors were higher during plowing and tilling than during harvesting. The tillage area-based CO, NOX, HC and PM2.5 emission factors of corn tillage process were 11.85 ± 8.30, 53.21 ± 48.80, 3.46 ± 3.14 and 1.64 ± 1.33 kg/km2, respectively. The tillage area-based CO, NOX, HC and PM2.5 emission factors of wheat tillage process were 19.69 ± 21.50, 79.98 ± 63.22, 3.90 ± 2.96 and 1.61 ± 2.43 kg/km2, respectively. The tillage area-based emission factors of China III agricultural machines during plowing and tilling were higher than those during harvesting. The fuel consumption per unit tillage area can be used to provide a reference for the interconversion of the two emission factors in future studies. By comparing the fuel-based emission factors in this study with those in the Guidelines and other studies, we observed that the CO, HC and PM2.5 emissions of agricultural machines with corresponding emission standards may be overestimated and the NOX emissions may be underestimated in areas where wheat and corn are mainly grown. Moreover, the pollutant emissions of agricultural machines were regionally different. These results could help elucidate the pollution contribution of agricultural machines in China.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1031647/fullagricultural machinesemission characteristicstillage processPEMStillage area-based emission factor |
| spellingShingle | Xianbao Shen Xianbao Shen Xianbao Shen Wenhan Yu Zhiliang Yao Zhiliang Yao Zhiliang Yao Lei Kong Bobo Wu Bobo Wu Bobo Wu Kaijie Xuan Xinyue Cao Xinyue Cao Xinyue Cao Xin Li Xin Li Xin Li Hanyu Zhang Hanyu Zhang Hanyu Zhang Xuewei Hao Xuewei Hao Xuewei Hao Qi Zhou Qi Zhou Qi Zhou Real-world fuel-based and tillage area-based emission factors of agricultural machines during different tillage processes Frontiers in Environmental Science agricultural machines emission characteristics tillage process PEMS tillage area-based emission factor |
| title | Real-world fuel-based and tillage area-based emission factors of agricultural machines during different tillage processes |
| title_full | Real-world fuel-based and tillage area-based emission factors of agricultural machines during different tillage processes |
| title_fullStr | Real-world fuel-based and tillage area-based emission factors of agricultural machines during different tillage processes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Real-world fuel-based and tillage area-based emission factors of agricultural machines during different tillage processes |
| title_short | Real-world fuel-based and tillage area-based emission factors of agricultural machines during different tillage processes |
| title_sort | real world fuel based and tillage area based emission factors of agricultural machines during different tillage processes |
| topic | agricultural machines emission characteristics tillage process PEMS tillage area-based emission factor |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1031647/full |
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