Herbal Melanin Inhibits Real-Time Cell Proliferation, Downregulates Anti-Apoptotic Proteins and Upregulates Pro-Apoptotic p53 Expression in MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 Cancer Cell Lines
<i>Background and Objectives</i>: Cancer is the second-most-important deadly disease in the world, leading to severe socioeconomic consequences and posing a public threat. Consequently, breast and colorectal cancers are significant cancer types that affect women and men more commonly, re...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-11-01
|
| Series: | Medicina |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/12/2061 |
| _version_ | 1797380137861251072 |
|---|---|
| author | Jothi Ramalingam Rajabathar Hamad Al-Lohedan Selvaraj Arokiyaraj Fathima Mohammed Dhaifallah M. Al-Dhayan Norah A. Faqihi Hassan Al-Saigh |
| author_facet | Jothi Ramalingam Rajabathar Hamad Al-Lohedan Selvaraj Arokiyaraj Fathima Mohammed Dhaifallah M. Al-Dhayan Norah A. Faqihi Hassan Al-Saigh |
| author_sort | Jothi Ramalingam Rajabathar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Background and Objectives</i>: Cancer is the second-most-important deadly disease in the world, leading to severe socioeconomic consequences and posing a public threat. Consequently, breast and colorectal cancers are significant cancer types that affect women and men more commonly, respectively. Treatment failure or recurrent diseases frequently occur due to resistance, in addition to the side effects of the currently available anticancer agents. Therefore, in this study, herbal melanin anticancer activity was investigated against human breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) and human colorectal (HCT 116) cell proliferation and the expression of downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins and upregulated pro-apoptotic p53. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: MDA-MB-231 and HCT 116 cells were monitored for their real-time proliferation properties using Xcelligence. Herbal melanin of various concentrations significantly inhibited MDA-MB-231 and HCT 116 cell proliferation. Then, the expression of proapoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins such as p53, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl was studied using Western blotting. <i>Results</i>: The Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expressions were downregulated, while the p53 expression was upregulated after treatment with herbal melanin. Similarly, the expression of apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, XIAP, Survivin, Bid, Bax, p53, Cytochrome C, PARP genes and mRNA was studied after herbal melanin treatment using real-time PCR, which revealed the downregulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, XIAP and Survivin and the upregulation of Bid, Bax, p53, Cytochrome C and PARP apoptotic protein expression. Also, caspase 3 and 9 expressions were monitored after the treatment with herbal melanin, which revealed the upregulation of both the MDA-MB-231 and HCT 116 cell types. <i>Conclusions</i>: Overall, herbal melanin can be used as an alternative anticancer agent against the MDA-MB-231 and HCT 116 cell types. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:33:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-853d119708d243f9be7896f6647d179b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1010-660X 1648-9144 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:33:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj.art-853d119708d243f9be7896f6647d179b2023-12-22T14:23:41ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X1648-91442023-11-015912206110.3390/medicina59122061Herbal Melanin Inhibits Real-Time Cell Proliferation, Downregulates Anti-Apoptotic Proteins and Upregulates Pro-Apoptotic p53 Expression in MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 Cancer Cell LinesJothi Ramalingam Rajabathar0Hamad Al-Lohedan1Selvaraj Arokiyaraj2Fathima Mohammed3Dhaifallah M. Al-Dhayan4Norah A. Faqihi5Hassan Al-Saigh6Surfactants Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaSurfactants Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of KoreaCollege of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaSurfactants Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaSurfactants Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaSurfactants Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia<i>Background and Objectives</i>: Cancer is the second-most-important deadly disease in the world, leading to severe socioeconomic consequences and posing a public threat. Consequently, breast and colorectal cancers are significant cancer types that affect women and men more commonly, respectively. Treatment failure or recurrent diseases frequently occur due to resistance, in addition to the side effects of the currently available anticancer agents. Therefore, in this study, herbal melanin anticancer activity was investigated against human breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) and human colorectal (HCT 116) cell proliferation and the expression of downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins and upregulated pro-apoptotic p53. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: MDA-MB-231 and HCT 116 cells were monitored for their real-time proliferation properties using Xcelligence. Herbal melanin of various concentrations significantly inhibited MDA-MB-231 and HCT 116 cell proliferation. Then, the expression of proapoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins such as p53, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl was studied using Western blotting. <i>Results</i>: The Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expressions were downregulated, while the p53 expression was upregulated after treatment with herbal melanin. Similarly, the expression of apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, XIAP, Survivin, Bid, Bax, p53, Cytochrome C, PARP genes and mRNA was studied after herbal melanin treatment using real-time PCR, which revealed the downregulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, XIAP and Survivin and the upregulation of Bid, Bax, p53, Cytochrome C and PARP apoptotic protein expression. Also, caspase 3 and 9 expressions were monitored after the treatment with herbal melanin, which revealed the upregulation of both the MDA-MB-231 and HCT 116 cell types. <i>Conclusions</i>: Overall, herbal melanin can be used as an alternative anticancer agent against the MDA-MB-231 and HCT 116 cell types.https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/12/2061canceranticancer agentherbal melanin |
| spellingShingle | Jothi Ramalingam Rajabathar Hamad Al-Lohedan Selvaraj Arokiyaraj Fathima Mohammed Dhaifallah M. Al-Dhayan Norah A. Faqihi Hassan Al-Saigh Herbal Melanin Inhibits Real-Time Cell Proliferation, Downregulates Anti-Apoptotic Proteins and Upregulates Pro-Apoptotic p53 Expression in MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 Cancer Cell Lines Medicina cancer anticancer agent herbal melanin |
| title | Herbal Melanin Inhibits Real-Time Cell Proliferation, Downregulates Anti-Apoptotic Proteins and Upregulates Pro-Apoptotic p53 Expression in MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 Cancer Cell Lines |
| title_full | Herbal Melanin Inhibits Real-Time Cell Proliferation, Downregulates Anti-Apoptotic Proteins and Upregulates Pro-Apoptotic p53 Expression in MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 Cancer Cell Lines |
| title_fullStr | Herbal Melanin Inhibits Real-Time Cell Proliferation, Downregulates Anti-Apoptotic Proteins and Upregulates Pro-Apoptotic p53 Expression in MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 Cancer Cell Lines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Herbal Melanin Inhibits Real-Time Cell Proliferation, Downregulates Anti-Apoptotic Proteins and Upregulates Pro-Apoptotic p53 Expression in MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 Cancer Cell Lines |
| title_short | Herbal Melanin Inhibits Real-Time Cell Proliferation, Downregulates Anti-Apoptotic Proteins and Upregulates Pro-Apoptotic p53 Expression in MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 Cancer Cell Lines |
| title_sort | herbal melanin inhibits real time cell proliferation downregulates anti apoptotic proteins and upregulates pro apoptotic p53 expression in mda mb 231 and hct 116 cancer cell lines |
| topic | cancer anticancer agent herbal melanin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/12/2061 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jothiramalingamrajabathar herbalmelanininhibitsrealtimecellproliferationdownregulatesantiapoptoticproteinsandupregulatesproapoptoticp53expressioninmdamb231andhct116cancercelllines AT hamadallohedan herbalmelanininhibitsrealtimecellproliferationdownregulatesantiapoptoticproteinsandupregulatesproapoptoticp53expressioninmdamb231andhct116cancercelllines AT selvarajarokiyaraj herbalmelanininhibitsrealtimecellproliferationdownregulatesantiapoptoticproteinsandupregulatesproapoptoticp53expressioninmdamb231andhct116cancercelllines AT fathimamohammed herbalmelanininhibitsrealtimecellproliferationdownregulatesantiapoptoticproteinsandupregulatesproapoptoticp53expressioninmdamb231andhct116cancercelllines AT dhaifallahmaldhayan herbalmelanininhibitsrealtimecellproliferationdownregulatesantiapoptoticproteinsandupregulatesproapoptoticp53expressioninmdamb231andhct116cancercelllines AT norahafaqihi herbalmelanininhibitsrealtimecellproliferationdownregulatesantiapoptoticproteinsandupregulatesproapoptoticp53expressioninmdamb231andhct116cancercelllines AT hassanalsaigh herbalmelanininhibitsrealtimecellproliferationdownregulatesantiapoptoticproteinsandupregulatesproapoptoticp53expressioninmdamb231andhct116cancercelllines |