Spelling Errors in Brief Computer-Mediated Texts Implicitly Lead to Linearly Additive Penalties in Trustworthiness
BackgroundSpelling errors in documents lead to reduced trustworthiness, but the mechanism for weighing the psychological assessment (i.e., integrative versus dichotomous) has not been elucidated. We instructed participants to rate content of texts, revealing that their implicit trustworthiness judgm...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873844/full |
| _version_ | 1818205705205710848 |
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| author | Harry J. Witchel Christopher I. Jones Georgina A. Thompson Carina E. I. Westling Juan Romero Alessia Nicotra Bruno Maag Hugo D. Critchley |
| author_facet | Harry J. Witchel Christopher I. Jones Georgina A. Thompson Carina E. I. Westling Juan Romero Alessia Nicotra Bruno Maag Hugo D. Critchley |
| author_sort | Harry J. Witchel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundSpelling errors in documents lead to reduced trustworthiness, but the mechanism for weighing the psychological assessment (i.e., integrative versus dichotomous) has not been elucidated. We instructed participants to rate content of texts, revealing that their implicit trustworthiness judgments show marginal differences specifically caused by spelling errors.MethodsAn online experiment with 100 English-speaking participants were asked to rate 27 short text excerpts (∼100 words) about multiple sclerosis in the format of unmoderated health forum posts. In a counterbalanced design, some excerpts had no typographic errors, some had two errors, and some had five errors. Each participant rated nine paragraphs with a counterbalanced mixture of zero, two or five errors. A linear mixed effects model (LME) was assessed with error number as a fixed effect and participants as a random effect.ResultsUsing an unnumbered scale with anchors of “completely untrustworthy” (left) and “completely trustworthy” (right) recorded as 0 to 100, two spelling errors resulted in a penalty to trustworthiness of 5.91 ± 1.70 (robust standard error) compared to the reference excerpts with zero errors, while the penalty for five errors was 13.5 ± 2.47; all three conditions were significantly different from each other (P < 0.001).ConclusionParticipants who rated information about multiple sclerosis in a context mimicking an online health forum implicitly assigned typographic errors nearly linearly additive trustworthiness penalties. This contravenes any dichotomous heuristic or local ceiling effect on trustworthiness penalties for these numbers of typographic errors. It supports an integrative model for psychological judgments of trustworthiness. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T04:01:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-85508e5cca68405bad2f5722ec27fd8e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-1078 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T04:01:22Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychology |
| spelling | doaj.art-85508e5cca68405bad2f5722ec27fd8e2022-12-22T00:39:02ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782022-05-011310.3389/fpsyg.2022.873844873844Spelling Errors in Brief Computer-Mediated Texts Implicitly Lead to Linearly Additive Penalties in TrustworthinessHarry J. Witchel0Christopher I. Jones1Georgina A. Thompson2Carina E. I. Westling3Juan Romero4Alessia Nicotra5Bruno Maag6Hugo D. Critchley7Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United KingdomDepartment of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United KingdomDepartment of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United KingdomFaculty of Media and Communication, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United KingdomDalton Maag Ltd., London, United KingdomDalton Maag Ltd., London, United KingdomDalton Maag Ltd., London, United KingdomDepartment of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United KingdomBackgroundSpelling errors in documents lead to reduced trustworthiness, but the mechanism for weighing the psychological assessment (i.e., integrative versus dichotomous) has not been elucidated. We instructed participants to rate content of texts, revealing that their implicit trustworthiness judgments show marginal differences specifically caused by spelling errors.MethodsAn online experiment with 100 English-speaking participants were asked to rate 27 short text excerpts (∼100 words) about multiple sclerosis in the format of unmoderated health forum posts. In a counterbalanced design, some excerpts had no typographic errors, some had two errors, and some had five errors. Each participant rated nine paragraphs with a counterbalanced mixture of zero, two or five errors. A linear mixed effects model (LME) was assessed with error number as a fixed effect and participants as a random effect.ResultsUsing an unnumbered scale with anchors of “completely untrustworthy” (left) and “completely trustworthy” (right) recorded as 0 to 100, two spelling errors resulted in a penalty to trustworthiness of 5.91 ± 1.70 (robust standard error) compared to the reference excerpts with zero errors, while the penalty for five errors was 13.5 ± 2.47; all three conditions were significantly different from each other (P < 0.001).ConclusionParticipants who rated information about multiple sclerosis in a context mimicking an online health forum implicitly assigned typographic errors nearly linearly additive trustworthiness penalties. This contravenes any dichotomous heuristic or local ceiling effect on trustworthiness penalties for these numbers of typographic errors. It supports an integrative model for psychological judgments of trustworthiness.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873844/fullspelling errorstypographic errorsorthographic errorswriting mechanicstrustworthinesscredibility |
| spellingShingle | Harry J. Witchel Christopher I. Jones Georgina A. Thompson Carina E. I. Westling Juan Romero Alessia Nicotra Bruno Maag Hugo D. Critchley Spelling Errors in Brief Computer-Mediated Texts Implicitly Lead to Linearly Additive Penalties in Trustworthiness Frontiers in Psychology spelling errors typographic errors orthographic errors writing mechanics trustworthiness credibility |
| title | Spelling Errors in Brief Computer-Mediated Texts Implicitly Lead to Linearly Additive Penalties in Trustworthiness |
| title_full | Spelling Errors in Brief Computer-Mediated Texts Implicitly Lead to Linearly Additive Penalties in Trustworthiness |
| title_fullStr | Spelling Errors in Brief Computer-Mediated Texts Implicitly Lead to Linearly Additive Penalties in Trustworthiness |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spelling Errors in Brief Computer-Mediated Texts Implicitly Lead to Linearly Additive Penalties in Trustworthiness |
| title_short | Spelling Errors in Brief Computer-Mediated Texts Implicitly Lead to Linearly Additive Penalties in Trustworthiness |
| title_sort | spelling errors in brief computer mediated texts implicitly lead to linearly additive penalties in trustworthiness |
| topic | spelling errors typographic errors orthographic errors writing mechanics trustworthiness credibility |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873844/full |
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