Conventional vs. Green Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents—Differences in the Composition of Soluble Unbound Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the use of green solvents, natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES), in comparison with conventional solvents on the extraction of free unbound phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of extracts of dried bilberry fruit, bilberry leaves an...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/11/2295 |
| _version_ | 1797466047193808896 |
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| author | Milica Martinović Nemanja Krgović Ivana Nešić Ana Žugić Vanja Milija Tadić |
| author_facet | Milica Martinović Nemanja Krgović Ivana Nešić Ana Žugić Vanja Milija Tadić |
| author_sort | Milica Martinović |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the use of green solvents, natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES), in comparison with conventional solvents on the extraction of free unbound phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of extracts of dried bilberry fruit, bilberry leaves and green tea leaves. After preparation of the extracts via ultrasound-assisted extraction using NaDES and conventional solvents (water and ethanol), spectrophotometric determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, HPLC analysis of extracted polyphenols and antioxidant determination using FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays were conducted. The results showed that NaDES have a great potential as agents for the extraction of phenolic compounds with potent antioxidant activity; the highest values of phenolic content and antioxidant activity were detected in the samples obtained by extraction using the NaDES combination betaine + urea. The bilberry leaves exhibited the highest flavonoid content among all extracts and turned out to be more active than bilberry fruits, to which they are often just a by-product during processing. The most active extract of all was the betaine-urea green tea leaves extract. Further research into the most active NaDES extracts should be performed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:30:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-85587a83fe3f49749d8dab5626ba8227 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:30:24Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-85587a83fe3f49749d8dab5626ba82272023-11-24T07:32:53ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212022-11-011111229510.3390/antiox11112295Conventional vs. Green Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents—Differences in the Composition of Soluble Unbound Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant ActivityMilica Martinović0Nemanja Krgović1Ivana Nešić2Ana Žugić3Vanja Milija Tadić4Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Boulevard Dr. Zorana Djindjića 81, 18000 Nis, SerbiaDepartment for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr. Josif Pancic”, TadeusaKoscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Boulevard Dr. Zorana Djindjića 81, 18000 Nis, SerbiaDepartment for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr. Josif Pancic”, TadeusaKoscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaDepartment for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr. Josif Pancic”, TadeusaKoscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the use of green solvents, natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES), in comparison with conventional solvents on the extraction of free unbound phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of extracts of dried bilberry fruit, bilberry leaves and green tea leaves. After preparation of the extracts via ultrasound-assisted extraction using NaDES and conventional solvents (water and ethanol), spectrophotometric determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, HPLC analysis of extracted polyphenols and antioxidant determination using FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays were conducted. The results showed that NaDES have a great potential as agents for the extraction of phenolic compounds with potent antioxidant activity; the highest values of phenolic content and antioxidant activity were detected in the samples obtained by extraction using the NaDES combination betaine + urea. The bilberry leaves exhibited the highest flavonoid content among all extracts and turned out to be more active than bilberry fruits, to which they are often just a by-product during processing. The most active extract of all was the betaine-urea green tea leaves extract. Further research into the most active NaDES extracts should be performed.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/11/2295natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES)antioxidant testsgreen extractionultrasound-assisted extractionHPLCsoluble polyphenols |
| spellingShingle | Milica Martinović Nemanja Krgović Ivana Nešić Ana Žugić Vanja Milija Tadić Conventional vs. Green Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents—Differences in the Composition of Soluble Unbound Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity Antioxidants natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) antioxidant tests green extraction ultrasound-assisted extraction HPLC soluble polyphenols |
| title | Conventional vs. Green Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents—Differences in the Composition of Soluble Unbound Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity |
| title_full | Conventional vs. Green Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents—Differences in the Composition of Soluble Unbound Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity |
| title_fullStr | Conventional vs. Green Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents—Differences in the Composition of Soluble Unbound Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Conventional vs. Green Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents—Differences in the Composition of Soluble Unbound Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity |
| title_short | Conventional vs. Green Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents—Differences in the Composition of Soluble Unbound Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity |
| title_sort | conventional vs green extraction using natural deep eutectic solvents differences in the composition of soluble unbound phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity |
| topic | natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) antioxidant tests green extraction ultrasound-assisted extraction HPLC soluble polyphenols |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/11/2295 |
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