Decadal variability of oxygen uptake, export, and storage in the Labrador Sea from observations and CMIP6 models
The uptake of dissolved oxygen from the atmosphere via air-sea gas exchange and its physical transport away from the region of uptake are crucial for supplying oxygen to the deep ocean. This process takes place in a few key regions that feature intense oxygen uptake, deep water formation, and physic...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-10-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1202299/full |
| _version_ | 1797644215820222464 |
|---|---|
| author | Jannes Koelling Dariia Atamanchuk Douglas W. R. Wallace Johannes Karstensen |
| author_facet | Jannes Koelling Dariia Atamanchuk Douglas W. R. Wallace Johannes Karstensen |
| author_sort | Jannes Koelling |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The uptake of dissolved oxygen from the atmosphere via air-sea gas exchange and its physical transport away from the region of uptake are crucial for supplying oxygen to the deep ocean. This process takes place in a few key regions that feature intense oxygen uptake, deep water formation, and physical oxygen export. In this study we analyze one such region, the Labrador Sea, utilizing the World Ocean Database (WOD) to construct a 65–year oxygen content time series in the Labrador Sea Water (LSW) layer (0–2200 m). The data reveal decadal variability associated with the strength of deep convection, with a maximum anomaly of 27 mol m–2 in 1992. There is no long-term trend in the time series, suggesting that the mean oxygen uptake is balanced by oxygen export out of the region. We compared the time series with output from nine models of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 1 in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project phase 6, (CMIP6-OMIP1), and constructed a “model score” to evaluate how well they match oxygen observations. Most CMIP6-OMIP1 models score around 50/100 points and the highest score is 57/100 for the ensemble mean, suggesting that improvements are needed. All of the models underestimate the maximum oxygen content anomaly in the 1990s. One possible cause for this is the representation of air-sea gas exchange for oxygen, with all models underestimating the mean uptake by a factor of two or more. Unrealistically deep convection and biased mean oxygen profiles may also contribute to the mismatch. Refining the representation of these processes in climate models could be vital for enhanced predictions of deoxygenation. In the CMIP6-OMIP1 multi-model mean, oxygen uptake has its maximum in 1980–1992, followed by a decrease in 1994–2006. There is a concurrent decrease in export, but oxygen storage also changes between the two periods, with oxygen accumulated in the first period and drained out in the second. Consequently, the change in oxygen export (5%) is much less than that in uptake (28%), suggesting that newly ventilated LSW which remains in the formation region acts to buffer the linkage between air-sea gas exchange and oxygen export. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T14:27:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-85612ddc2dfe484ebdfcf07b81494996 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-7745 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T14:27:16Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-85612ddc2dfe484ebdfcf07b814949962023-10-31T14:56:25ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452023-10-011010.3389/fmars.2023.12022991202299Decadal variability of oxygen uptake, export, and storage in the Labrador Sea from observations and CMIP6 modelsJannes Koelling0Dariia Atamanchuk1Douglas W. R. Wallace2Johannes Karstensen3Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, CanadaDepartment of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, CanadaDepartment of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, CanadaGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, GermanyThe uptake of dissolved oxygen from the atmosphere via air-sea gas exchange and its physical transport away from the region of uptake are crucial for supplying oxygen to the deep ocean. This process takes place in a few key regions that feature intense oxygen uptake, deep water formation, and physical oxygen export. In this study we analyze one such region, the Labrador Sea, utilizing the World Ocean Database (WOD) to construct a 65–year oxygen content time series in the Labrador Sea Water (LSW) layer (0–2200 m). The data reveal decadal variability associated with the strength of deep convection, with a maximum anomaly of 27 mol m–2 in 1992. There is no long-term trend in the time series, suggesting that the mean oxygen uptake is balanced by oxygen export out of the region. We compared the time series with output from nine models of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 1 in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project phase 6, (CMIP6-OMIP1), and constructed a “model score” to evaluate how well they match oxygen observations. Most CMIP6-OMIP1 models score around 50/100 points and the highest score is 57/100 for the ensemble mean, suggesting that improvements are needed. All of the models underestimate the maximum oxygen content anomaly in the 1990s. One possible cause for this is the representation of air-sea gas exchange for oxygen, with all models underestimating the mean uptake by a factor of two or more. Unrealistically deep convection and biased mean oxygen profiles may also contribute to the mismatch. Refining the representation of these processes in climate models could be vital for enhanced predictions of deoxygenation. In the CMIP6-OMIP1 multi-model mean, oxygen uptake has its maximum in 1980–1992, followed by a decrease in 1994–2006. There is a concurrent decrease in export, but oxygen storage also changes between the two periods, with oxygen accumulated in the first period and drained out in the second. Consequently, the change in oxygen export (5%) is much less than that in uptake (28%), suggesting that newly ventilated LSW which remains in the formation region acts to buffer the linkage between air-sea gas exchange and oxygen export.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1202299/fulldeoxygenationdeep water formationair-sea gas exchangeclimate modelsdecadal variabilityocean biogeochemical cycles |
| spellingShingle | Jannes Koelling Dariia Atamanchuk Douglas W. R. Wallace Johannes Karstensen Decadal variability of oxygen uptake, export, and storage in the Labrador Sea from observations and CMIP6 models Frontiers in Marine Science deoxygenation deep water formation air-sea gas exchange climate models decadal variability ocean biogeochemical cycles |
| title | Decadal variability of oxygen uptake, export, and storage in the Labrador Sea from observations and CMIP6 models |
| title_full | Decadal variability of oxygen uptake, export, and storage in the Labrador Sea from observations and CMIP6 models |
| title_fullStr | Decadal variability of oxygen uptake, export, and storage in the Labrador Sea from observations and CMIP6 models |
| title_full_unstemmed | Decadal variability of oxygen uptake, export, and storage in the Labrador Sea from observations and CMIP6 models |
| title_short | Decadal variability of oxygen uptake, export, and storage in the Labrador Sea from observations and CMIP6 models |
| title_sort | decadal variability of oxygen uptake export and storage in the labrador sea from observations and cmip6 models |
| topic | deoxygenation deep water formation air-sea gas exchange climate models decadal variability ocean biogeochemical cycles |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1202299/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT janneskoelling decadalvariabilityofoxygenuptakeexportandstorageinthelabradorseafromobservationsandcmip6models AT dariiaatamanchuk decadalvariabilityofoxygenuptakeexportandstorageinthelabradorseafromobservationsandcmip6models AT douglaswrwallace decadalvariabilityofoxygenuptakeexportandstorageinthelabradorseafromobservationsandcmip6models AT johanneskarstensen decadalvariabilityofoxygenuptakeexportandstorageinthelabradorseafromobservationsandcmip6models |