Comparison of Cloud Amounts Retrieved with Three Automatic Methods and Visual Observations
Four methods have been used for the estimation of the total cloud amount and cloud amount for low clouds: visual observations, the Long method applied on pyranometer measurements, the Automatic Partial Cloud Amount Detection Algorithm (APCADA) method applied on pyrgeometers measurements, and ceilome...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/6/937 |
| _version_ | 1797490078128275456 |
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| author | María Pilar Utrillas María José Marín Víctor Estellés Carlos Marcos María Dolores Freile José Luis Gómez-Amo José Antonio Martínez-Lozano |
| author_facet | María Pilar Utrillas María José Marín Víctor Estellés Carlos Marcos María Dolores Freile José Luis Gómez-Amo José Antonio Martínez-Lozano |
| author_sort | María Pilar Utrillas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Four methods have been used for the estimation of the total cloud amount and cloud amount for low clouds: visual observations, the Long method applied on pyranometer measurements, the Automatic Partial Cloud Amount Detection Algorithm (APCADA) method applied on pyrgeometers measurements, and ceilometer measurements of the cloud base height. Records from meteorological observers indicate that clear days (0–1 octa) represent the most frequent cloud amount for low clouds. In contrast, the total cloud amount is more aleatory. Results obtained from the Long method show maximum frequency in the extreme cloud amount values. The APCADA method also indicates the predominance of cloudless skies. The ceilometer method shows a predominance of completely clear skies, but the completely cloudy (8 octas) is the second most frequent case. Automatic methods report more cloudless and overcast skies than the observer. Automatic methods agree with the visual method or differ in ±1 octa for 60–76% cases for low cloud amount and for 56–63% cases for total cloud amount. In general, low cloud amount agrees more with observer measurements than total cloud amount and the automatic methods underestimated total cloud amount observer values possibly due to the difficulty in monitoring high clouds. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:26:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8566d7a0c32149dab36a2e589501c266 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:26:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-8566d7a0c32149dab36a2e589501c2662023-11-23T15:33:03ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332022-06-0113693710.3390/atmos13060937Comparison of Cloud Amounts Retrieved with Three Automatic Methods and Visual ObservationsMaría Pilar Utrillas0María José Marín1Víctor Estellés2Carlos Marcos3María Dolores Freile4José Luis Gómez-Amo5José Antonio Martínez-Lozano6Solar Radiation Group, Departament de Física de la Terra i Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, SpainSolar Radiation Group, Departament de Matemàtiques per a l’Economia i l’Empresa, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, SpainSolar Radiation Group, Departament de Física de la Terra i Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, SpainSolar Radiation Group, Departament de Física de la Terra i Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, SpainSolar Radiation Group, Departament de Física de la Terra i Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, SpainSolar Radiation Group, Departament de Física de la Terra i Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, SpainSolar Radiation Group, Departament de Física de la Terra i Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, SpainFour methods have been used for the estimation of the total cloud amount and cloud amount for low clouds: visual observations, the Long method applied on pyranometer measurements, the Automatic Partial Cloud Amount Detection Algorithm (APCADA) method applied on pyrgeometers measurements, and ceilometer measurements of the cloud base height. Records from meteorological observers indicate that clear days (0–1 octa) represent the most frequent cloud amount for low clouds. In contrast, the total cloud amount is more aleatory. Results obtained from the Long method show maximum frequency in the extreme cloud amount values. The APCADA method also indicates the predominance of cloudless skies. The ceilometer method shows a predominance of completely clear skies, but the completely cloudy (8 octas) is the second most frequent case. Automatic methods report more cloudless and overcast skies than the observer. Automatic methods agree with the visual method or differ in ±1 octa for 60–76% cases for low cloud amount and for 56–63% cases for total cloud amount. In general, low cloud amount agrees more with observer measurements than total cloud amount and the automatic methods underestimated total cloud amount observer values possibly due to the difficulty in monitoring high clouds.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/6/937cloud covervisual cloud observationsautomatic cloud observations |
| spellingShingle | María Pilar Utrillas María José Marín Víctor Estellés Carlos Marcos María Dolores Freile José Luis Gómez-Amo José Antonio Martínez-Lozano Comparison of Cloud Amounts Retrieved with Three Automatic Methods and Visual Observations Atmosphere cloud cover visual cloud observations automatic cloud observations |
| title | Comparison of Cloud Amounts Retrieved with Three Automatic Methods and Visual Observations |
| title_full | Comparison of Cloud Amounts Retrieved with Three Automatic Methods and Visual Observations |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of Cloud Amounts Retrieved with Three Automatic Methods and Visual Observations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of Cloud Amounts Retrieved with Three Automatic Methods and Visual Observations |
| title_short | Comparison of Cloud Amounts Retrieved with Three Automatic Methods and Visual Observations |
| title_sort | comparison of cloud amounts retrieved with three automatic methods and visual observations |
| topic | cloud cover visual cloud observations automatic cloud observations |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/6/937 |
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