Hypertension Related to Obesity: Pathogenesis, Characteristics and Factors for Control
The World Health Organization (WHO) refers to obesity as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a health risk. Obesity was first designated as a disease in 2012 and since then the cost and the burden of the disease have witnessed a worrisome increase. Obesity and hypertension are close...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12305 |
| _version_ | 1797472767972474880 |
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| author | Paul El Meouchy Mohamad Wahoud Sabine Allam Roy Chedid Wissam Karam Sabine Karam |
| author_facet | Paul El Meouchy Mohamad Wahoud Sabine Allam Roy Chedid Wissam Karam Sabine Karam |
| author_sort | Paul El Meouchy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The World Health Organization (WHO) refers to obesity as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a health risk. Obesity was first designated as a disease in 2012 and since then the cost and the burden of the disease have witnessed a worrisome increase. Obesity and hypertension are closely interrelated as abdominal obesity interferes with the endocrine and immune systems and carries a greater risk for insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Many factors are at the interplay between obesity and hypertension. They include hemodynamic alterations, oxidative stress, renal injury, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance, sleep apnea syndrome and the leptin-melanocortin pathway. Genetics, epigenetics, and mitochondrial factors also play a major role. The measurement of blood pressure in obese patients requires an adapted cuff and the search for other secondary causes is necessary at higher thresholds than the general population. Lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise are often not enough to control obesity, and so far, bariatric surgery constitutes the most reliable method to achieve weight loss. Nonetheless, the emergence of new agents such as Semaglutide and Tirzepatide offers promising alternatives. Finally, several molecular pathways are actively being explored, and they should significantly extend the treatment options available. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:05:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-85927ef5639c4c36913f9aa0a8dfc3c0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:05:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-85927ef5639c4c36913f9aa0a8dfc3c02023-11-24T00:30:55ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-10-0123201230510.3390/ijms232012305Hypertension Related to Obesity: Pathogenesis, Characteristics and Factors for ControlPaul El Meouchy0Mohamad Wahoud1Sabine Allam2Roy Chedid3Wissam Karam4Sabine Karam5Department of Internal Medicine, MedStar Health, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Internal Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USAFaculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, El Koura P.O. Box 100, LebanonCollege of Osteopathic Medicine, William Carey University, Hattiesburg, MS 39401, USADepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, KS 67214, USADivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USAThe World Health Organization (WHO) refers to obesity as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a health risk. Obesity was first designated as a disease in 2012 and since then the cost and the burden of the disease have witnessed a worrisome increase. Obesity and hypertension are closely interrelated as abdominal obesity interferes with the endocrine and immune systems and carries a greater risk for insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Many factors are at the interplay between obesity and hypertension. They include hemodynamic alterations, oxidative stress, renal injury, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance, sleep apnea syndrome and the leptin-melanocortin pathway. Genetics, epigenetics, and mitochondrial factors also play a major role. The measurement of blood pressure in obese patients requires an adapted cuff and the search for other secondary causes is necessary at higher thresholds than the general population. Lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise are often not enough to control obesity, and so far, bariatric surgery constitutes the most reliable method to achieve weight loss. Nonetheless, the emergence of new agents such as Semaglutide and Tirzepatide offers promising alternatives. Finally, several molecular pathways are actively being explored, and they should significantly extend the treatment options available.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12305hypertensionobesitypathogenesischaracteristicsgeneticstreatment |
| spellingShingle | Paul El Meouchy Mohamad Wahoud Sabine Allam Roy Chedid Wissam Karam Sabine Karam Hypertension Related to Obesity: Pathogenesis, Characteristics and Factors for Control International Journal of Molecular Sciences hypertension obesity pathogenesis characteristics genetics treatment |
| title | Hypertension Related to Obesity: Pathogenesis, Characteristics and Factors for Control |
| title_full | Hypertension Related to Obesity: Pathogenesis, Characteristics and Factors for Control |
| title_fullStr | Hypertension Related to Obesity: Pathogenesis, Characteristics and Factors for Control |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hypertension Related to Obesity: Pathogenesis, Characteristics and Factors for Control |
| title_short | Hypertension Related to Obesity: Pathogenesis, Characteristics and Factors for Control |
| title_sort | hypertension related to obesity pathogenesis characteristics and factors for control |
| topic | hypertension obesity pathogenesis characteristics genetics treatment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12305 |
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