Hepatoprotective Mechanisms Induced by Spinach Methanolic Extract in Rats with Hyperglycemia—An Immunohistochemical Analysis
Spinach methanolic extract (SME) has a hepatoprotective effect due to its polyphenolic antioxidants; however, its action in parenchymal (PQ) and non-parenchymal (nPQ) cells remains unknown. This study investigates the hepatoprotective effect of SME on streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats (STZ),...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-11-01
|
| Series: | Antioxidants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/11/2013 |
| _version_ | 1797460338392694784 |
|---|---|
| author | Javier Flores-Estrada Agustina Cano-Martínez Álvaro Vargas-González Vicente Castrejón-Téllez Jorge Cornejo-Garrido Martín Martínez-Rosas Verónica Guarner-Lans María Esther Rubio-Ruíz |
| author_facet | Javier Flores-Estrada Agustina Cano-Martínez Álvaro Vargas-González Vicente Castrejón-Téllez Jorge Cornejo-Garrido Martín Martínez-Rosas Verónica Guarner-Lans María Esther Rubio-Ruíz |
| author_sort | Javier Flores-Estrada |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Spinach methanolic extract (SME) has a hepatoprotective effect due to its polyphenolic antioxidants; however, its action in parenchymal (PQ) and non-parenchymal (nPQ) cells remains unknown. This study investigates the hepatoprotective effect of SME on streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats (STZ), focusing on immunohistochemical analyses. <b>Methods</b>: The extract was prepared, and the total polyphenols and antioxidant activity were quantified. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (<i>n</i> = 8): normoglycemic rats (NG), STZ-induced hyperglycemic (STZ), STZ treated with 400 mg/kg SME (STZ-SME), and NG treated with SME (SME) for 12 weeks. Serum liver transaminases and lipid peroxidation levels in tissue were determined. The distribution pattern and relative levels of markers related to oxidative stress [reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase-1, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase-1], of cytoprotective molecules [nuclear NRF2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)], of inflammatory mediators [nuclear NF-κB, TNF-α], proliferation (PCNA), and of fibrogenesis markers [TGF-β, Smad2/3, MMP-9, and TIMP1] were evaluated. <b>Results</b>: SME had antioxidant capacity, and it lowered serum transaminase levels in STZ-SME compared to STZ. It reduced NOX4 staining, and lipid peroxidation levels were related to low formation of ROS. In STZ-SME, the immunostaining for antioxidant enzymes increased in nPQ cells compared to STZ. However, enzymes were also localized in extra and intracellular vesicles in STZ. Nuclear NRF2 staining and HO-1 expression in PQ and nPQ were higher in STZ-SME than in STZ. Inflammatory factors were decreased in STZ-SME and were related to the percentage decrease in NF-κB nuclear staining in nPQ cells. Similarly, TGF-β (in the sinusoids) and MMP-9 (in nPQ) were increased in the STZ-SME group compared to the other groups; however, staining for CTGF, TIMP1, and Smad2/3 was lower. <b>Conclusions</b>: SME treatment in hyperglycemic rats induced by STZ may have hepatoprotective properties due to its scavenger capacity and the regulation of differential expression of antioxidant enzymes between the PQ and nPQ cells, reducing inflammatory and fibrogenic biomarkers in liver tissue. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:04:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-85955e84f3684b1bafb5a58b2e4b1333 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:04:36Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-85955e84f3684b1bafb5a58b2e4b13332023-11-24T14:26:05ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212023-11-011211201310.3390/antiox12112013Hepatoprotective Mechanisms Induced by Spinach Methanolic Extract in Rats with Hyperglycemia—An Immunohistochemical AnalysisJavier Flores-Estrada0Agustina Cano-Martínez1Álvaro Vargas-González2Vicente Castrejón-Téllez3Jorge Cornejo-Garrido4Martín Martínez-Rosas5Verónica Guarner-Lans6María Esther Rubio-Ruíz7División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, MexicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, MexicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, MexicoLaboratorio de Biología Celular y Productos Naturales, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, MexicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, MexicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, MexicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, MexicoSpinach methanolic extract (SME) has a hepatoprotective effect due to its polyphenolic antioxidants; however, its action in parenchymal (PQ) and non-parenchymal (nPQ) cells remains unknown. This study investigates the hepatoprotective effect of SME on streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats (STZ), focusing on immunohistochemical analyses. <b>Methods</b>: The extract was prepared, and the total polyphenols and antioxidant activity were quantified. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (<i>n</i> = 8): normoglycemic rats (NG), STZ-induced hyperglycemic (STZ), STZ treated with 400 mg/kg SME (STZ-SME), and NG treated with SME (SME) for 12 weeks. Serum liver transaminases and lipid peroxidation levels in tissue were determined. The distribution pattern and relative levels of markers related to oxidative stress [reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase-1, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase-1], of cytoprotective molecules [nuclear NRF2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)], of inflammatory mediators [nuclear NF-κB, TNF-α], proliferation (PCNA), and of fibrogenesis markers [TGF-β, Smad2/3, MMP-9, and TIMP1] were evaluated. <b>Results</b>: SME had antioxidant capacity, and it lowered serum transaminase levels in STZ-SME compared to STZ. It reduced NOX4 staining, and lipid peroxidation levels were related to low formation of ROS. In STZ-SME, the immunostaining for antioxidant enzymes increased in nPQ cells compared to STZ. However, enzymes were also localized in extra and intracellular vesicles in STZ. Nuclear NRF2 staining and HO-1 expression in PQ and nPQ were higher in STZ-SME than in STZ. Inflammatory factors were decreased in STZ-SME and were related to the percentage decrease in NF-κB nuclear staining in nPQ cells. Similarly, TGF-β (in the sinusoids) and MMP-9 (in nPQ) were increased in the STZ-SME group compared to the other groups; however, staining for CTGF, TIMP1, and Smad2/3 was lower. <b>Conclusions</b>: SME treatment in hyperglycemic rats induced by STZ may have hepatoprotective properties due to its scavenger capacity and the regulation of differential expression of antioxidant enzymes between the PQ and nPQ cells, reducing inflammatory and fibrogenic biomarkers in liver tissue.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/11/2013spinach methanolic extract (SME)liver damageoxidative stressinflammationfibrosisparenchymal (PQ) cells |
| spellingShingle | Javier Flores-Estrada Agustina Cano-Martínez Álvaro Vargas-González Vicente Castrejón-Téllez Jorge Cornejo-Garrido Martín Martínez-Rosas Verónica Guarner-Lans María Esther Rubio-Ruíz Hepatoprotective Mechanisms Induced by Spinach Methanolic Extract in Rats with Hyperglycemia—An Immunohistochemical Analysis Antioxidants spinach methanolic extract (SME) liver damage oxidative stress inflammation fibrosis parenchymal (PQ) cells |
| title | Hepatoprotective Mechanisms Induced by Spinach Methanolic Extract in Rats with Hyperglycemia—An Immunohistochemical Analysis |
| title_full | Hepatoprotective Mechanisms Induced by Spinach Methanolic Extract in Rats with Hyperglycemia—An Immunohistochemical Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Hepatoprotective Mechanisms Induced by Spinach Methanolic Extract in Rats with Hyperglycemia—An Immunohistochemical Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hepatoprotective Mechanisms Induced by Spinach Methanolic Extract in Rats with Hyperglycemia—An Immunohistochemical Analysis |
| title_short | Hepatoprotective Mechanisms Induced by Spinach Methanolic Extract in Rats with Hyperglycemia—An Immunohistochemical Analysis |
| title_sort | hepatoprotective mechanisms induced by spinach methanolic extract in rats with hyperglycemia an immunohistochemical analysis |
| topic | spinach methanolic extract (SME) liver damage oxidative stress inflammation fibrosis parenchymal (PQ) cells |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/11/2013 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT javierfloresestrada hepatoprotectivemechanismsinducedbyspinachmethanolicextractinratswithhyperglycemiaanimmunohistochemicalanalysis AT agustinacanomartinez hepatoprotectivemechanismsinducedbyspinachmethanolicextractinratswithhyperglycemiaanimmunohistochemicalanalysis AT alvarovargasgonzalez hepatoprotectivemechanismsinducedbyspinachmethanolicextractinratswithhyperglycemiaanimmunohistochemicalanalysis AT vicentecastrejontellez hepatoprotectivemechanismsinducedbyspinachmethanolicextractinratswithhyperglycemiaanimmunohistochemicalanalysis AT jorgecornejogarrido hepatoprotectivemechanismsinducedbyspinachmethanolicextractinratswithhyperglycemiaanimmunohistochemicalanalysis AT martinmartinezrosas hepatoprotectivemechanismsinducedbyspinachmethanolicextractinratswithhyperglycemiaanimmunohistochemicalanalysis AT veronicaguarnerlans hepatoprotectivemechanismsinducedbyspinachmethanolicextractinratswithhyperglycemiaanimmunohistochemicalanalysis AT mariaestherrubioruiz hepatoprotectivemechanismsinducedbyspinachmethanolicextractinratswithhyperglycemiaanimmunohistochemicalanalysis |