Fungal Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management, and Recent Advances
Ramy Awad,1 Alaa Atef Ghaith,2 Khaled Awad,1 Marina Mamdouh Saad,1 Ahmed Ak Elmassry2 1Department of Ophthalmology, Alexandria General Ophthalmology Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptCorrespondence: Ahmed Ak Elmass...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Dove Medical Press
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Clinical Ophthalmology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/fungal-keratitis-diagnosis-management-and-recent-advances-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH |
| _version_ | 1797358065665703936 |
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| author | Awad R Ghaith AA Awad K Mamdouh Saad M Elmassry AA |
| author_facet | Awad R Ghaith AA Awad K Mamdouh Saad M Elmassry AA |
| author_sort | Awad R |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ramy Awad,1 Alaa Atef Ghaith,2 Khaled Awad,1 Marina Mamdouh Saad,1 Ahmed Ak Elmassry2 1Department of Ophthalmology, Alexandria General Ophthalmology Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptCorrespondence: Ahmed Ak Elmassry, Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Champollion Street, Al Attarin, Alexandria, Egypt, Tel +2 0122 215 2435, Email ahmad.elmassry@gmail.comAbstract: Fungal keratitis is one of the major causes of microbial keratitis that may lead to corneal blindness. Many problems related to diagnosis and therapy are encountered in fungal keratitis, including difficulty in obtaining laboratory diagnoses and the availability and efficacy of antifungal medications. Intensive and prolonged use of antifungal topical preparations may not be enough. The use of antifungal medications is considered the main treatment for fungal keratitis. It is recommended to start antifungal therapy after confirmation of the clinical diagnosis with a smear or positive cultures. Topical application of antifungal medications is a mainstay for the treatment of fungal keratitis; however, systemic, intra-stromal, or intra-cameral routes may be used. Therapeutic keratoplasty is the main surgical procedure approved for the management of fungal keratitis with good success rate. Intrastromal corneal injection of antifungal medications may result in steady-state drug levels within the corneal tissue and prevent intervals of decreased antifungal drug concentration below its therapeutic level. In cases of severe fungal keratitis with deep stromal infiltration not responding to treatment, intracameral injection of antifungal agents may be effective. Collagen cross-linking has been proposed to be beneficial for cases of fungal keratitis as a stand-alone therapy or as an adjunct to antifungal medications. Although collagen cross-linking has been extensively studied in the past few years, its protocol still needs many modifications to optimize UV fluence levels, irradiation time, and concentration of riboflavin to achieve 100% microbial killing.Keywords: fungal keratitis, keratomycosis, PACK-CXL, antifungal, voriconazole, intracorneal injection, targeted therapy |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T14:54:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8595edac027d4515858d3922067ca4a6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1177-5483 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T14:54:26Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Clinical Ophthalmology |
| spelling | doaj.art-8595edac027d4515858d3922067ca4a62024-01-10T18:05:59ZengDove Medical PressClinical Ophthalmology1177-54832024-01-01Volume 188510689627Fungal Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management, and Recent AdvancesAwad RGhaith AAAwad KMamdouh Saad MElmassry AARamy Awad,1 Alaa Atef Ghaith,2 Khaled Awad,1 Marina Mamdouh Saad,1 Ahmed Ak Elmassry2 1Department of Ophthalmology, Alexandria General Ophthalmology Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptCorrespondence: Ahmed Ak Elmassry, Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Champollion Street, Al Attarin, Alexandria, Egypt, Tel +2 0122 215 2435, Email ahmad.elmassry@gmail.comAbstract: Fungal keratitis is one of the major causes of microbial keratitis that may lead to corneal blindness. Many problems related to diagnosis and therapy are encountered in fungal keratitis, including difficulty in obtaining laboratory diagnoses and the availability and efficacy of antifungal medications. Intensive and prolonged use of antifungal topical preparations may not be enough. The use of antifungal medications is considered the main treatment for fungal keratitis. It is recommended to start antifungal therapy after confirmation of the clinical diagnosis with a smear or positive cultures. Topical application of antifungal medications is a mainstay for the treatment of fungal keratitis; however, systemic, intra-stromal, or intra-cameral routes may be used. Therapeutic keratoplasty is the main surgical procedure approved for the management of fungal keratitis with good success rate. Intrastromal corneal injection of antifungal medications may result in steady-state drug levels within the corneal tissue and prevent intervals of decreased antifungal drug concentration below its therapeutic level. In cases of severe fungal keratitis with deep stromal infiltration not responding to treatment, intracameral injection of antifungal agents may be effective. Collagen cross-linking has been proposed to be beneficial for cases of fungal keratitis as a stand-alone therapy or as an adjunct to antifungal medications. Although collagen cross-linking has been extensively studied in the past few years, its protocol still needs many modifications to optimize UV fluence levels, irradiation time, and concentration of riboflavin to achieve 100% microbial killing.Keywords: fungal keratitis, keratomycosis, PACK-CXL, antifungal, voriconazole, intracorneal injection, targeted therapyhttps://www.dovepress.com/fungal-keratitis-diagnosis-management-and-recent-advances-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTHfungal keratitiskeratomycosispack-cxlantifungalvoriconazoleintracorneal injectiontargeted therapy. |
| spellingShingle | Awad R Ghaith AA Awad K Mamdouh Saad M Elmassry AA Fungal Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management, and Recent Advances Clinical Ophthalmology fungal keratitis keratomycosis pack-cxl antifungal voriconazole intracorneal injection targeted therapy. |
| title | Fungal Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management, and Recent Advances |
| title_full | Fungal Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management, and Recent Advances |
| title_fullStr | Fungal Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management, and Recent Advances |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fungal Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management, and Recent Advances |
| title_short | Fungal Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management, and Recent Advances |
| title_sort | fungal keratitis diagnosis management and recent advances |
| topic | fungal keratitis keratomycosis pack-cxl antifungal voriconazole intracorneal injection targeted therapy. |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/fungal-keratitis-diagnosis-management-and-recent-advances-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH |
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