Involvement of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Macular Edema
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a critical complication of diabetic retinopathy, a condition that arises from the breakdown of the blood–retinal barrier and the consequent increase in vascular permeability. Over the years, attempts have been made to treat DME by various approaches, including laser p...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3427 |
| _version_ | 1797539899654537216 |
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| author | Hidetaka Noma Kanako Yasuda Masahiko Shimura |
| author_facet | Hidetaka Noma Kanako Yasuda Masahiko Shimura |
| author_sort | Hidetaka Noma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a critical complication of diabetic retinopathy, a condition that arises from the breakdown of the blood–retinal barrier and the consequent increase in vascular permeability. Over the years, attempts have been made to treat DME by various approaches, including laser photocoagulation, steroid triamcinolone acetonide, and vitrectomy. However, treatment was unsatisfactory until research identified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a factor in the pathogenesis of DME. Intraocular anti-VEGF agents show good efficacy in DME. Nevertheless, in some patients the condition recurs or becomes resistant to treatment, suggesting that other factors may be involved. Because inflammation and retinal hypoxia are seen in DME, research has examined the potential role of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. In this review, we provide an overview of this research and describe feedback mechanisms that may represent a target for novel treatments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:52:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-85997cd690ed409f8b9fc6442660eb0c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:52:21Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-85997cd690ed409f8b9fc6442660eb0c2023-11-21T12:10:59ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-03-01227342710.3390/ijms22073427Involvement of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Macular EdemaHidetaka Noma0Kanako Yasuda1Masahiko Shimura2Hachioji Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, 1163, Tatemachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0998, JapanHachioji Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, 1163, Tatemachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0998, JapanHachioji Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, 1163, Tatemachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0998, JapanDiabetic macular edema (DME) is a critical complication of diabetic retinopathy, a condition that arises from the breakdown of the blood–retinal barrier and the consequent increase in vascular permeability. Over the years, attempts have been made to treat DME by various approaches, including laser photocoagulation, steroid triamcinolone acetonide, and vitrectomy. However, treatment was unsatisfactory until research identified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a factor in the pathogenesis of DME. Intraocular anti-VEGF agents show good efficacy in DME. Nevertheless, in some patients the condition recurs or becomes resistant to treatment, suggesting that other factors may be involved. Because inflammation and retinal hypoxia are seen in DME, research has examined the potential role of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. In this review, we provide an overview of this research and describe feedback mechanisms that may represent a target for novel treatments.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3427cytokinesdiabetic macular edemainflammationanti-VEGF therapy |
| spellingShingle | Hidetaka Noma Kanako Yasuda Masahiko Shimura Involvement of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Macular Edema International Journal of Molecular Sciences cytokines diabetic macular edema inflammation anti-VEGF therapy |
| title | Involvement of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Macular Edema |
| title_full | Involvement of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Macular Edema |
| title_fullStr | Involvement of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Macular Edema |
| title_full_unstemmed | Involvement of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Macular Edema |
| title_short | Involvement of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Macular Edema |
| title_sort | involvement of cytokines in the pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema |
| topic | cytokines diabetic macular edema inflammation anti-VEGF therapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3427 |
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